STUDY GUIDE ONLY SLIDE1 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND FEAR Phobias are a Product of Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning is Used to Treat phobias (Speaker Notes) Phobias are developed through classical conditioning. Olson & Hergenhahn‚ (2013) define classical conditioning as “An experimental arrangement whereby a stimulus is made to elicit a response that was not previously associated with that stimulus” (p. 418). Just as phobias are developed through classical conditioning‚ it is also
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are not responsible for their actions. Luther believed that God‚ in His foreknowledge and omnipotence‚ was utterly sovereign and that people are slaves either to God or to Satan (Hergenhahn & Henley‚ 2014‚ p. 97). Interestingly‚ however‚ the Lutheran movement preferred Erasmus’s view of free will to Luther’s (Hergenhahn & Henley‚ 2014‚ p. 98). Martin Luther’s contributions to the Reformation and to the field of psychology influence society even today. His emphasis on personal experience over institutional
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or reacting to a stimulus (Olson & Hergenhahn‚ 2009). Whether training an animal to respond to a command‚ or training a child to behave in a manner conducive to a parent’s wishes‚ the application of operant conditioning influences continuation or discontinuation of a response. The theory of operant conditioning operates on reinforcements‚ which strengthens or increases behavior‚ generally in the form of rewards or punishments (Olson & Hergenhahn‚ 2009). Reinforcement Comparisons and
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summarizes life from the time of birth until two years. “The sensorimotor stage is characterized by the absence of language‚ and note that because it is not an operational stage‚ it is not characterized by thinking as Piaget viewed it” (Olson & Hergenhahn‚ 2013). Piaget’s theory is that children have not yet developed language at this stage and that if objects were not directly in their view‚ than
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gaining virtues that strengthen the ego. Three articles are used to give more insight to Erikson’s theory of development. Each article agrees that Erikson makes many great contributions to psychology as well as other fields. This paper uses mainly Hergenhahn and Olson (2007) findings to help relate Erikson’s theory to the life of Marie Lockhart. All names within this paper have been changed to protect the individual’s privacy. Marie was interviewed to gain information about her life. Also‚ since
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Conditioning Paper Operant conditioning relies on the consequences of an exhibited behavior‚ and the impact the behavior has on certain learning experiences. This type of conditioning requires stimuli and reinforcers (both positive and negative) (Olsen & Hergenhahn‚ 2009). Along with using punishments that exhibit both positive and negative influences‚ both of which contribute to behavior and learning. Operant conditioning can be observed on a daily basis. It is a typical form of learning that some might
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attempt to uncover the many dimensions of learning‚ psychologists studied profusely what the mind might be capable of. Their main desire was to separate mind and body‚ with the hopes of understanding how these two elements complemented each other (Hergenhahn‚ Olson‚ 2005). Rene Descartes‚ a theorist‚ performed a study in the areas of physiology and neuroscience. He wanted to understand why it was that despite having two separate eyes‚ organisms are only able to see one object in their field of vision
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visual images into groups when certain principles are applied. Gestalists believe that learning comes suddenly. Therefore we think about what it is going to take to solve a problem and put it all together until the problem is solved (Olsen & Hergenhahn‚ 2009). They believed that the learner gains insight on how to solve the problem. A good example for this would be learning to ride a bicycle. It may take several tries and a lot of time but once the learner has it‚ they have it. There are five
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Negative Reinforcement The following paragraphs will compare and contrast positive and negative reinforcements. To be clear “a reinforcer is anything that increases the probability of a response’s recurring” (Olson & Hergenhahn‚ 2009 p. 75). In reference to Olson and Hergenhahn (2009)‚ Skinner never mentioned what was a better reinforcer‚ positive or negative‚ he only mentioned that something can be ascertained as reinforcing by its effect on behavior.
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Operant Conditioning B.F Skinner based his work on the work of Edward Thorndike who developed the law of effect theory (Olson & Hergenhahn‚ 2013). Through his work Skinner went on to identify fundamental principles of learning‚ based on experiments with pigeons and rats. From these experiments‚ Skinner developed an explanation as for how humans learn behaviors or change behaviors‚ and went on to infer that patterns of reinforcement shape behavior‚ which is operant conditioning. Comparing
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