bonds? How do they form? How would you determine whether a molecule is likely to dissolve in water or not? Macromolecules (Structures (monomers‚ polymers)‚ roles and structures) Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides (glycogen‚ starch‚ cellulose) Lipids (Mainly hydrophobic) Fats and oils (saturated vs monounsaturated vs polyunsaturated fatty acids) Phospholipids (amphipathic components of phospholipid bilayer membranes) Steroids Proteins Amino acids polymerized
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remove excess glucose from blood and store it as glycogen‚ stimulated by insulin‚ when glucose levels decrease the liver secretes glucose in the blood‚ breakdown of glycogen stimulated by glucagon‚ gluconeogenesis- process of converting other molecules into glucose. 19. What are two purposes of ingested food? Provides source of energy‚ and provides raw materials that cannot be manufactured by the organism When is excess energy stored as glycogen and fat? If the amount of food energy taken in is
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organic compound found in nature. We are exposed to them various times a day and they make up an important part of our Earth. Some common polysaccharides are: cellulose‚ chitin (in seafood)‚ starch‚ alginate‚ hydroaluronic acid‚ chondritin sulfate‚ glycogen‚ xylan‚ pectin‚ and various others. Polysaccharides boast varied and mostly useful properties that vary based on their structure‚ on of the most important being the ability to absorb water. Some‚ however‚ also degrade in water‚ rendering this absorption
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First and foremost Forskolin is a chemical substance that is the root extract from the plant Coleus Forskolin‚ more commonly known as the Indian Coleus plant. The plant is part of the mint family and as the name suggests was first found in India. The herb has been used throughout ancient history as a medical product to treat a variety of conditions such as heart and lung disease‚ insomnia‚ convulsions and intestinal spasms. In modern times however the herb is used for a variety of different treatments
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that innervate the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. As a consequence‚ the chromaffin cells secrete the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) into the general circulation. This provides readily available sources of energy by forming glucose from glycogen depots and [[free fatty acid]s from the triglyceride stores of adipose tissue; it quickens the pulse and raises arterial blood pressure‚ but also accelerates blood coagulation and thereby protects against blood loss in the event of injury. More
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Neonatal Hypoglycaemia‚ a Literature Review. The key words used when researching this review: Neonatal hypoglycaemia/hypoglycemia‚ New-born hypoglycaemia‚ Low plasma glucose level‚ New-born/Infant low blood sugar‚ Hypoglycaemia in preterm/high risk neonates‚ Hypoglycaemia/breastfeeding‚ gluconeogenesis/ketone bodies. The databases and search engines used: Google scholar‚ CINHAL and Medline. Hypoglycaemia is common among neonates‚ therefore Healthcare professionals must be aware of the risk factors
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The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes Enzymes are Effective Biological Catalyst Catalysis- speeds up metabolism to allow production of products. Enzymes- Highly specific and most efficient catalyst that speeds up metabolism or rate of reaction in organisms by factor up to 10^20 (globular proteins) Nonenzymatic catalyst- enhance by 10^2 -10^4 Ribozymes- acts for catalytic activity in RNA’s Kinetics versus Thermodynamics Standard free energy change- difference between the energies of the reactants
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The Molecules of Cells (Chapter 3 in your textbook) Without water and carbon-based molecules‚ no life as we know it! Carbon: The Backbone of Life • Living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds Also‚ H‚ N‚ O‚ P‚ and S…… • Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large‚ complex‚ and diverse molecules. Why? Principal source of carbon on Earth? • Proteins‚ DNA‚ carbohydrates‚ lipids‚ and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of carbon. C21H36N7O16P3S Coenzyme
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* 3 layers of Vitelline Membrane: * Lipoidal Layer * Glycogen Layer / Chitin Layer * Mammiliated Albumin Coat * 3 Stages: * Unfertilized * Elongated * Thin shell protects the inner amorphous mass of protoplasm * Unembryonated * Presence of lecithin granules (refractile granules) * Usually corticated * Fertilized * Pronounced glycogen layer and albumin coat * Rounder * Covered by chitin
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storage Structural chitin starch glycogen Purple pages F23 cellulose BIO 1140 – SLIDE 2 http://www.mpie.de/index.php?id=2957 Monosaccharides CnH2nOn n = 3 to 7 Trioses‚ pentoses and hexoses most common Linear vs ring configuration Asymmetrical C isomers glyceraldehyde ribose D-glucose -D-glucose ß-D-glucose Fig. 2.13 BIO 1140 – SLIDE 3 Purple pages F20-21 Polysaccharides Glycosidic bond C1 to C4 vs ß starch glycogen Purple pages F22-23 cellulose chitin
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