SURVEYING LEVELLING Levelling is the branch of surveying the object of which is : 1. To find the elevations of the given points with respect to a given or assumed datum‚ and 2. To establish points at a given elevations or at different elevations with respect to a given or assumed datum. The operation is required in the setting out of all kind of engineering works. levelling deals with measurements in a vertical plane. MEATHODS OF LEVELLING Three principal methods are used for determining
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The concept of a spherical Earth dates back to ancient Greek philosophy from around the 6th century BC‚ but remained a matter of philosophical speculation until the 3rd century BC when Hellenistic astronomy established the spherical shape of the earth as a physical given. The Hellenistic paradigm was gradually adopted throughout the Old World during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. A practical demonstration of Earth’s sphericity was achieved by Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastián Elcano’s expedition’s
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1. Kawasan Falls in Badian - This gorgeous cascade of nature‚ which is in the middle of the forest‚ is situated Southwest of the city. It is approximately a 2.5-3 hour drive depending on the transportation. Buses usually take 3 hours and with a private vehicle it takes a lot faster. You will be in for a little adventurebecause you have to walk for about 20 minutes from the road/parking lot to the falls itself. You might find yourself complaining from the walk‚ heat‚ and the rocky road plus carrying
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What is a GPS? GPS‚ a device known as Global Positioning System is a tool used for tracking locations‚ finding routes for certain places and for finding the position of objects‚ people and yourself. This device uses a satellite based network to provide you with necessary information to a certain place or location you wish to go to. This technology uses signals that are transmitted from satellites to the earth which are captured by monitoring stations on the earth then sent to the receivers
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Chapter 1: Introduction ________________________________________ 1.1 Background Information A kampung is a traditional housing area‚ many of which used to exist and accommodate many Singaporeans in the past. With the fast-paced development of the modern era‚ these elusive villages have been disappearing from our country. Currently‚ there is only one kampung remaining in Singapore - Kampung Lorong Buangkok. Perhaps the kampung is best known for the mentality that subsisted within it. Shared by
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Some people think that government should spend as much money as possible on developing space technology for the exploration of the moon and other planets. Others think that this money should be spent on solving the basic problems of society on Earth. There are different views about what government should spend more money on. Some people believe that government should spend as much money as possible on space exploration‚ while some other people believe that it’s better to spend this money on solving
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LEVELLING (Two Peg Test) Introduction Two Peg test need to carry out before we start the levelling job to ensure the instrument in good condition 1.0 Aim Peg Test is a surveying operation carried out to determine if the leveling bubble (bubble axis) and telescope line-of-sight ( line of collimation )are parallel. 2.0 Equipments 3.1 Level and Tripod ( 1 set) 3.2 Staff ( 2 sets ) 3.3 Staff bubble (2 sets ) 3.4 Tape ( 1 set ) 3.0 Procedures 4.5 Each group will
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How Has Technology Impacted the Global Business Environment? By Bill Faulkner‚ eHow Contributor • • • Share • • Print this article Globe Technology has had a tremendous impact upon the global business environment. Communication‚ transportation and production efficiency are various areas of business which have been enhanced by the development and improvement of technology. As continual enhancements are made‚ the world continues to "grow smaller" and businesses have further reach than
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GPS & THE PUBLIC RESOURCES CODE Steven J. Martin Survey Supervisor‚ EBMUD PERTINENT PUBLIC RESOURCES CODE SECTIONS 8801-8819 The Definition and Use of the California Coordinate System 8850-8861 Geodetic Datums and the California Spatial Reference Network 8870-8880 California Geodetic Coordinates of 1983 8890-8902 California Orthometric Heights of 1988 This here PRC says there is something called a COH88 out here somewhere… Let’s skip that one Chief! The Definition and Use of the
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INTRODUCTION Construction is a vast process where a lot of obstacles are faced. It can be because of the conditions of the terrain where a construction is on-going or because of the nature of the construction itself which causes the difficulties. So to overcome some of these or most of it there is always surveys done before a construction is started. Therefore a survey is a part of the construction process. And these surveys can be of different types depending on the situation of the construction
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