•Bacteriology – study of bacteria •Virology – study of viruses and viral diseases •Mycology – study of fungi •Epidemiology – study of patterns and causes of diseases •Pathology – study of the nature of diseases 5. Genetics - study of genes and heredity - has five subcategories: •Molecular Biology – study of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) •Physiology – study of the life processes of organisms •Cytology – study of the function
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hearing and touching. Yet fragrances are one of the pillars of luxury marketing‚ with exclusive brands being adored by the initiated. Greed is one of the most distinguished of fragrances‚ used by Charles Charlie Charles‚ David Beckham and Brad Pitt; Acqua di Parma Giutti was adored by Sean Connery‚ Sylvester Stallone‚ Kim Bassinger and Sophia Loren. Is this obsession an indulgence or does it reflect an insight that few have achieved? Freud proposes an answer. Smell‚ he says‚ is a base sense but one that
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expression of the virulent genes of the bacteria. It has been shown that E. coli does respond to some acyl-HSL and that acyl-HSL causes an activation of these virulent genes. It was eliminated from further study because it did not cause expression of the virulent genes even when using a very high dosage. This is because it did not diffuse through the lungs and perhaps needed another substance to help it transport. We know this because it did activate the virulent genes in vitro where it did not need
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Deoxyribose-containing nucleotides are the monomers of DNA RNA Nucleotide [pic] The left picture shows the nucleotide unit of RNA. Nucleotides differ from nucleosides in that they have phosphate groups. Nucleotides can exist in the mono-‚ di-‚ or tri-phosphorylated forms. The most common site of phosphorylation of nucleotides found in cells is the hydroxyl group attached to the 5’-carbon of the ribose. Nucleotide units line up forming the backbone of RNA / DNA. 1A. Typical DNA Molecule
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Epigenome biomarkers a. DNA methylation In the broad sense‚ epigenetics can be seen as a bridge between the genotype and phenotype‚ where the final outcomes of a locus or a chromosome can be changed without altering the underlying DNA sequence (Goldberg et al. 2007)‚ while epigenomics aims to study the location and nature of the gemonic sequences that are epigenetically modified (Fazzari and Greally 2004). Usually‚ three mechanisms have been attributed for epigenetics – DNA methylation‚ histone
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2/13 SN1 mapping allows you to see where transciption starts He wanted to show that txn starts a set distance from the TATA box in a class 2 promoter. He got a piece of DNA that had a good class 2 promoter and a piece of DNA that he knew he could cut with restriction endonucleases. The idea is to pair a piece of DNA with label on only one strand. In this case you want the label on the crick strand. You would take this piece of DNA with a hot phosphate on 5 prime end of the crick strand and denature
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Chapter 8: Cellular Reproduction – Cells from Cells 1. What are the three important roles of cell division? 2. Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction. 3. Distinguish between the terms: DNA‚ gene‚ chromosome‚ replicated chromosome‚ sister chromatid and centromere. 4. What are the two phases of the cell cycle? What are the three stages of interphase? 5. Mitosis is the division of the ______‚ while cytokinesis is the division of the ______. 6. Describe the appearance
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Second Generation Drosophila melanogaster INTRODUCTION This experiment involved observing and comparing the relative frequencies of inherited dominant and recessive genes in a population using the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In this experiment‚ we demonstrate how dominant genes are selected over recessive genes (Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment). Hypothesis: If we cross two heterozygous individuals‚ our observed offspring in the second generation (F2) will have a phenotypic
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Biotechnol. 46 (1) 11–21 (2008) 10 Biol. 11 (2004) 565–573. 12. F.C. Tenover‚ Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria‚ Am. J. Med. (Suppl.)‚ 119 (2006) 3–10. 13. H. Nikaido‚ H.I. Zgurskaya‚ Antibiotic efflux mechanisms‚ Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 12 (1999) 529–536. 14. M.A. Webber‚ L.J. Piddock‚ The importance of efflux pumps in bacterial antibiotic resistance‚ J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51 (2003) 9–11. 15. J.L. Martinez‚ F. Baquero‚ Mutation frequencies and antibiotic resistance‚ Antimicrob
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gamete formation‚ and then unite at random‚ one from each parent‚ at fertilization. This is deemed the law of segregation. To go along with this general rule of thumb‚ Mendel also considered the potential for shuffling of genes during di-hybrid crosses. When there are two individual genes in play‚ their inheritance pattern act completely independent from one another. Thus‚ “during gamete formation‚ different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each
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