PRODUCTION OF CITRIC ACID Introduction: Citric acid is a White solid‚C3H4OH(COOH)3‚soluble in water and slightly soluble in organic solvents‚ which melts at 153 oC. Aqueous solutions of citric acid are slightly more acidic than solutions of acetic acid. Traces of citric acid are found in numerous plants and animals‚ because it is a nearly universal intermediate product of metabolism. Large amount of the acid are found in the juice of citrus fruits‚ from which it is precipitated by the
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Titration Lab How Much Citric Acid is in Your Soda? PURPOSE To determine the molarity (concentration) of citric acid (H3C6H5O7) in various different citrus flavored sodas. BACKGROUND PRINCIPLES Popular sodas all strive for a somewhat sour (’tart’) flavor and manufacturers utilize acids to impart this taste. While there are a vast variety of different brands of sodas on the market‚ they can be broken into two main categories: dark or clear. This differentiation is not only a simple color
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reaction rates and concentration (research paper) By katie prestage what are reaction rates? The rate of reaction is the speed in which a reaction takes place. This can be measured by the rate in which a reactant is used up‚ or the rate a product is created. If a reaction has a low rate‚ it means that the particles are combining at a slow speed. If the rate is high‚ it means that the particles are coming together at a fast speed. For example‚ the rusting of iron through oxidation has a slow
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substances. One way is based on their pH. Substances may be * Acid 2. Base 3. Neutral INDICATORS This is a substance which is one color in and acid and another color in a base. Indicators can ten be used to test for the presence of acids or bases in a substance. Some are available in paper form (litmus) and others in liquid form (methyl orange). INDICATOR | COLOR IN ACID | COLOR IN BASE | LITMUS |
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Acid rain is considered precipitation in the form of rain‚ snow‚ or fog. It is not regular precipitation. It is precipitation that is polluted by acid. Emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere cause this precipitation to become acidic. These emissions are released into the atmosphere by human activity‚ such as automobiles‚ industries‚ and electrical power plants that burn fossil fuels like coal and oil. When these gases are released‚ they mix with water vapor in the clouds
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on biological thinking as the discovery of base-pairing in nucleic acids. These complementariness principles do not only underlie current ideas on the structure of the nucleic acids‚ but they form the foundation of all speculations‚ more or less well- founded‚ on their physical properties (denaturation‚ hypochromic- ity‚ etc.)‚ on the transfer of biological information from deoxy- ribonucleic acid to ribonucleic acid‚ and on the role of the latter in directing the synthesis of specific
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Introduction: Acid rain has proven to be a big problem for Connecticut. It has had a great impact on builders‚ wildlife‚ and the water sources. Acid rain has many components in it such as pollutants from plants to sulfuric acid from burning coal. Problem: Which stone is the most resistant against acid rain? Hypothesis: If we test the different stones against acid rain then red sand stone would be the best because it is heavier and cannot be easily broken. Independent variable: Type of stones
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fruits and vegetables contain preservatives simply because they come from nature. One of the items contained Sodium Benzoate‚ a small percentage of people are extremely sensitive to sodium benzoate and can experience asthmatic attacks and other allergic reactions when they take in the preservative. A more normal problem is the combination of sodium benzoate and citric acid and ascorbic acid. When these ingredients mix‚ they form benzene‚ a cancer-causing chemical linked with leukemia and other blood
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good conclusion should contain all of the following parts a) You should state what experiment was performed‚ and show any necessary reaction schemes. The reaction schemes should include molecular weights and any other important physical data for the reagents and products. Ex. Cyclohexanol was oxidized to cyclohexanone using sodium dichromate in the presence of sulfuric acid. * Note: you can download a free version of a structure editor from ACD labs‚ the PC version is called chemsketch‚ the Mac version
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7 Factors that affect the activity of an enzyme It is important when working with enzymes to understand basic enzymatic theory behind them when selecting conditions to measure the activity of the enzymes. The factors that are known to affect the concentration of enzymes are temperature‚ pH‚ concentration of enzyme‚ concentration of substrate‚ buffer type and concentration‚ the presence of any inhibitors and cofactors (Worthington-biochem.com). 1.7.1. Temperature With most catalysed reactions‚ the
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