Outline and evaluate the psychodynamic approach to abnormality The psychodynamic approach to abnormality assumes that unconscious desires and memories influence behaviour and may lead to abnormality. It claims that personality develops in the childhood through a number of psychosexual stages and that too much or too little pleasure at one of these can lead to fixation and abnormal behaviour. For example‚ between the ages of two and four‚ children are in the anal stage- too much focus on holding in
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Describe and evaluate social influences on gender roles (25 marks) Bandura and Walters (1963) proposed the social learning theory initially to explain aggression in children‚ yet they argued it can be readily applied to any behaviour. SLT suggests we acquire new behaviours via observing others‚ then modelling the observed behaviour. We are more likely to model behaviours if the behaviour is rewarded‚ via indirect‚ vicarious reinforcement. We can also learn new behaviours via being reinforced
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Using examples of research that you have studied discuss the strengths and limitations of explaining behaviour using only the cognitive approach. Explaining behaviour using the cognitive approach has its benefits and disadvantages‚ there are many aspects to the cognitive approach which help produce reliable results. Usually cognitive studies use the lab method to conduct their research‚ using this controlled environment helps improve the reliability and validity of the results‚ as variables
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Distinctive features of the Cognitive Linguistic approach to language study Draft John R Taylor and Jeannette Littlemore To appear in: J Littlemore and J Taylor (eds)‚ Bloomsbury Companion to Cognitive Linguistics. 2014. 1. Defining and positioning Cognitive Linguistics Cognitive linguistics began as an approach to the study of language‚ but it now has implications and applications far beyond language in any traditional sense of the word. It has its origins in the 1980s as a conscious
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The cognitive behavioural approach to counselling therapy. The cognitive behavioural approach to counselling therapy. Participant observation How do we really find out about the way of life of a group of people? One way is to join them – to participate in their daily activities & observe what they say and do. This research method is known as participant observation. It was used by John Howard Griffin (1960) a white journalist who dyed his skin black in order to discover what it was like
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into types. These are three key types of approach to cognitive development: • Constructivist approach. This focuses on children as active learners. Theyâ€TMre interested in how children learn from their experiences‚ and how they learn to understand the world around them. Outlined in Jerome Bruner’s theory “that the learners actively construct their own knowledge based upon the things they know now and have known in the past―. • Behaviourist approach. This focuses on the way children respond
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The cognitive approach has two main strengths. These two strengths are that the cognitive approach is scientific and that it has an application of therapies. The first strength that the cognitive approach has is that it is scientific this is because it is done within the laboratory. This is called lab studies. We can rely on the findings because it is done under a controlled environment. Which makes this a strength. The second strength that the cognitive approach has is the application of these
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Outline and evaluate the biological approach to abnormality? The biological or medical approach regards abnormality as illness or disease. Mental illness is thought to be related to the physical structure and functioning of the brain. There are four possible causal factors of abnormality: brain damage‚ infection‚ biochemistry and genes. The first factor is brain damage. Abnormal behaviour may occur if the structure of the brain is damaged in some way. Once disease or brain damage has caused mental
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Outline and evaluate the biological approach to psychopathology The biological approach to psychopathology suggests that abnormal behaviour is caused or related to physical changes in the body. The biological approach suggest that the four following things cause physical disorders (abnormality) ; genes‚ biochemistry‚ neuroanatomy and viral infection. Psychologists have investigated the role in which gene’s play in abnormal behaviour. To do this the majority of psychologists use twins. It has been
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Outline and Evaluate the biological approach to abnormality The biological approach sees abnormality as a physical illness and removes psychological blame and responsibility for the behaviour form the patients. Biochemistry; which is where abnormal functioning in the brain can be caused by abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and hormones. Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers that allow neurones to communicate with one another at synapses. Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted
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