Lecture Notes: Basic Electricity Fall 2011 This course module introduces the basic physical models by which we explain the flow of electricity. The Bohr model of an atom – a nucleus surrounded by shells of electrons traveling in discrete orbits – is presented. Electrical current is described as a flow of electrons. Ohm’s law – the relationship between voltage‚ current and electrical resistance – is introduced. Learning Objectives Understanding the basic principles of electricity is a foundational
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CHAPTER - 12 ELECTRICITY HOTS Questions for Practice 1. Name a substance whose resistance almost remains unchanged by increase of temperature. 2. Name two special characteristics of heater coil. 3. A wire of resistance 4 ohms is bent to form a circle. What is the resistance between two diametrically opposite ends? 4. How does the resistance of a conductor change if its temperature is increased? 5. A current of 4A flows in a wire of resistance 60 ohms. Calculate electrical energy consumed in 2 minutes
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MANOZ M A R K E T I N G 79 Shedding the commodity mind-set John E. Forsyth‚ Alok Gupta‚ Sudeep Haldar‚ and Michael V. Marn No product really has to be a commodity. The trick is to know what services your customers want—and to charge more. C ompanies that sell soap‚ perfume‚ candy bars‚ and other consumer products are expert at “decommoditizing” them: finding and capturing the value of intangible benefits and building strong brand names that can provide a kind of differentiation in the minds of
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3.1 Metabolic Load: The metabolic activities inside human body constantly create heat and humidity (i.e. perspiration). This heat passes through the body tissues and is finally released to the cabin air. This amount is considered as a heat gain by the cabin air and is called the metabolic load. The metabolic load can be calculated by Qmet = Σ MADU Passengers Where M is the passenger’s metabolic heat production rate. (It is assumed from ISO 8996 based on various criteria for driver: M = 85 W/m2
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Electrical Power and Energy Systems 32 (2010) 743–750 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Electrical Power and Energy Systems journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes Short‚ medium and long term load forecasting model and virtual load forecaster based on radial basis function neural networks Changhao Xia a‚b‚*‚ Jian Wang b‚*‚ Karen McMenemy c a College of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology‚ China Three Gorges University‚ Yichang Hubei 443002‚ China School
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INTRODUCTION Load frequency control (LFC) or Automatic generation control (AGC) is an emerging issue in electric power systems. The objective is to maintain the system frequency and the power exchange between the areas within specified limits‚ irrespective of sudden change in load. The prime mover governing system provides a means of controlling power and frequency; and this function commonly called Load Frequency Control or Automatic Generation Control. The automatic load frequency control
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my department is the unbalanced work load between two secretaries‚ Jack Snyder‚ who is providing support to two executive members‚ Ralph Alane & Jessica Hilo‚ and Ruth Disselkoen who is providing support to other two executive members‚ Samuel Daley & Frank Daley. During the long time medical leave of Jessica Hilo‚ 37% of the work load has been handled by a full time administrative assistant and Jack for the total 80 hours of the week‚ whereas 63% of the work load has been handled by a part time administrative
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Electricity has become the main sources of domestic energy in Australia over the last 200 years and played an important role in today’s society‚ industry . In the early time when the British started to settle in Australia‚ firewood was the most important fuel. In 1831‚ Michael Faraday put forward the electromagnetic induction‚ which led to the development of electric generators and made the large amount of electricity supply become possible. After 1879 when the perfect light globe was designed
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CHAPTER 3 LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS [CONTENTS: Review of solution of equations‚ direct and iterative methods‚ classification of buses‚ importance of slack bus and YBUS based analysis‚ constraints involved‚ load flow equations‚ GS method: algorithms for finding the unknowns‚ concept of acceleration of convergence‚ NR method- algorithms for finding the unknowns‚ tap changing transformers‚ Fast decoupled load flow‚ illustrative examples] REVIEW OF NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS The numerical analysis
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Electricity market in India . Anant Ashok Lohar Anant.lohar@hotmail.com Abstract-- A robust trading system is very important for free and fair competitive electricity market operation. Trading system should be capable of risk hedging associated with price volatility and other unexpected changes. Operating behavior of a competitive power market is significantly affected by the trading arrangements‚ strategic bidding‚ market model and rule. Trading arrangement is properly
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