Horizontal direct effect Horizontal direct effect is a legal doctrine developed by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) whereby individuals can rely on the direct effect of provisions in the Treaties‚ which confer individual rights‚ in order to make claims against other private individuals before national courts. By virtue of the doctrine of the ‘direct effect’ of Treaty provisions‚ individuals can rely directly on EC law before their national courts. There is no need for implementation of EC law
Premium European Union European Union law Treaty of Lisbon
plurality/majoriAdvantages and disadvantages of FPTP systemty electoral systems‚ is defended primarily on the grounds of simplicity and its tendency to produce winners who are representatives beholden to defined geographic areas and governability. The most often cited advantages are that: It provides a clear-cut choice for voters between two main parties. The inbuilt disadvantages faced by third and fragmented minority parties under FPTP in many cases cause the party system to gravitate towards a party
Premium Elections Election
Advantages and Disadvantages of Automated System Computer Ethics Mohammad Abedin Marty Montgomery November 25‚ 2012 Automated systems centralize the initial application and review process‚ removing employers from the system and freeing up managerial time to focus on other concerns. By eliminating time spent on non-productive hiring activities‚ managers can be more productive and direct results oriented. Managers no longer are the first point of contact‚ because any employee can refer prospects
Premium Recruitment Employment 1921
Horizontal Curves Introduction Most types of transportation routes‚ such as highways‚ railroads‚ and pipelines‚ are connected by curves in both horizontal and vertical planes. Horizontal Curves: Curves used in horizontal planes to connect two straight tangent sections. Two types of horizontal cures: Circular arcs‚ and Spirals Elementary Surveying‚ 11e © 2006 Prentice-Hall‚ Inc.. 1/30 Horizontal Curves Introduction Simple Curve: A circular arc connecting two tangents. Compound Curve:
Premium Circle Angle Curve
aThe parliamentary system is one of three most widely used democratic forms of government. It is mainly used by European countries and Commonwealth nations. The former subscribe to the West German model while the latter uses the Westminster model. It is a system whereby the Executive branch is supported either directly or indirectly by the legislative. The head of government‚ who leads day to day affairs of government‚ is separate with the head of state that has a ceremonious function. Some parliamentary
Premium Presidential system Westminster system Prime minister
network. Like a mobile company opening its own Mobile retail chain. Balanced integration – You guessed it right‚ a mix of the above two. A balanced strategy to take advantages of both the worlds. What is Horizontal Integration? Much more common and simpler than vertical integration‚ Horizontal integration (also known as lateral integration) simply means a strategy to increase your market share by taking over a similar company. This take over / merger
Premium Vertical integration Strategic management Marketing
months‚ years‚ or even different companies accounts. Two of the tools of financial statement analysis are called vertical analysis and horizontal analysis. Much like the definitions of vertical and horizontal‚ these two analyses are similar‚ but also have striking differences. In this paper I will provide you with information regarding the two tools‚ vertical and horizontal analysis‚ and how comparing them is applied to two big businesses called PepsiCo‚ Incorporated and Coca-Cola Company. When referring
Premium Balance sheet Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Financial statements
Firm Reputation and Horizontal Integration∗ Hongbin Cai† Ichiro Obara‡ March 14‚ 2008. Abstract We study effects of horizontal integration on firm reputation. In an environment where customers observe only imperfect signals about firms’ effort/quality choices‚ firms cannot maintain good reputation and earn quality premium forever. Even when firms choose high quality‚ there is always a possibility that a bad signal is observed. Thus‚ firms must give up their quality premium‚ at least temporarily
Premium Firm Marketing Reputation
antibiotic resistant pathogens through horizontal gene transfer. Located in the bacteria are plasmids. They are independent‚ self-duplicating‚ and allow bacteria to perform new functions/generate new products. Basically plasmids help their hosts to stop the action of antibiotics and become resistant. “Gene transfer must be integral and critical to the overall survival of bacteria‚ providing a way for them to adapt to difficult conditions” (Levy 2002‚ 83). Horizontal gene transfer can occur through conjugation
Premium Bacteria Antibiotic resistance DNA
to perform some specific tasks to meet the information needs of an org DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Is a set of computer programs (Software) that is used to manage the data and the users of data. FILE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: File Processing System is a collection of programs that perform services for the end-user‚ such as production of reports and management of data. DISADVANTAGES OF FILE PROCESSING SYSTEM Data Redundancy Data Redundancy means same information is duplicated in several files. This
Premium Database normalization Data modeling Relational model