There are three specific periods of policing that the 19th and 20th centuries embraced: political era‚ reform era‚ and community era. During the political era (1840s-1930s) the functions of law enforcement were controlled by the local politicians. This era was characterized by five points--authority was coming only from politicians and the law‚ it was a very broad social service function‚ the organizational design was decentralized‚ law enforcement had a very intimate relationship with the community
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Economies of scale are the cost advantages that a business can exploit by expanding their scale of production. The effect of economies of scale is to reduce the average (unit) costs of production. Economies of scale‚ in microeconomics‚ refers to the cost advantages that an enterprise obtains due to expansion. There are factors that cause a producer’s average cost per unit to fall as the scale of output is increased. "Economies of scale" is a long run concept and refers to reductions in unit cost
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Ivon Martinez What is our English Heritage in policing? Paper CJA/214 Intro to Police Theory & Practices Rudy Pichardo November 30‚ 2011 The American system of law and criminal justice was borrowed from the English. The first references to an English criminal justice or law enforcement system appeared some 1‚000 years earlier than Sir Robert Peel established the first English police department in 1829. England’s King Alfred the Great was preparing his Kingdom for a Danish invasion;
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differences in learning and the learner ’s personality style. With all of the research on the differences in our learners‚ how can Simon continue to say the same thing to the entire class? In what follows I will present why it is important to differentiate instruction in the classroom. I will explore what I believe to be the most important aspects of differentiating instruction to meet the needs of all of my learners along with the research that supports my beliefs. Additionally‚ I will explain
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that can be combated by deterrence. Zero Tolerance policing aims to stop serious crime by clamping down on the minor crimes like graffiti that the practitioners believe lead to further crimes and using custodial sentences for first offences. It includes set responses to particular crimes by the police although the courts maintain some discretion. Zero Tolerance is not necessarily exclusive of urban regeneration‚ social investment or community policing. Its exponents‚ however‚ often rule them out because
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Around the period of the First World War the King of the United Kingdom said to the then Earl of Derby “My father was frightened of his mother‚ I was frightened of my father‚ and I am damned well going to see to it that my children are frightened of me.” One of the most powerful men in the western world during a time of great strife said this about the ones closest to him in his life. Why would a man of such potentially great compassion in one of the most fruitful nations of its time feel this way
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Diseconomies of scale A more precise definition is that long run average costs per unit rises with an increase in output.This can b shown in the diagram below: [pic] The rising part of the Long Run Average curve illustrates the effect of diseconomies of scale. Beyond Q1 (ideal firm size)‚ additional production will increase per unit costs. Diseconomies of scale are rarer than economies of scale and they are often offset by economies of scale that exist in the same business. This can make
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Economies of Scale * This is the cost advantage that a business obtains due to expansion. * That is the factor that cause the average cost of producing a product to fall‚ as output of the product rises as explained in the ‘Dictionary of Economics’. * By achieving economies of scale‚ a company would have the cost advantage over its existing and new rivals. * Further‚ the company could achieve lower long run average cost (i.e. productive efficiency). But if technology changes‚ this
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in an oligopoly is economies of scale. Economies of scale generally refer to the cost advantages that will be associated with large organizations. Margaretta (2012‚26) suggests that companies pursue economies of scale in the belief that this will be decisive in determining a competitive advantage and increased profitability. Woolworths enjoys significant economies of scale in relation to its competitors. In the supermarket industry‚ benefits of economies of scale is usually achieved by buying products
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Economies of scale are the factors that lead to a reduction in average costs as a business increases in size. There are five economies of scale Purchasing Economies When businesses buy large numbers of components‚ for example materials or spare parts‚ they are able to gain discounts for buying in bulk. This reduces the unit cost of each item bought and gives the firm an advantage over smaller businesses which buy in small quantities. Marketing Economies
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