of a sound wave is measured in watts per metre squared ( ). The lowest intensity that the average human ear can detect‚ i.e. the threshold of hearing‚ is denoted by ‚ where . The loudness of sound‚ i.e. its intensity level ‚ is measured in decibels (dB)‚ where . From this function a specific relationship between and can be drawn that holds true for any increase in intensity. By knowing the value of beta ( )‚ the value of can be found via manipulation of the logarithmic function‚ and
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Reducing noise pollution. Noise pollution occurs when noise reaches levels harmful to health and the public peace. The noise is an undesirable‚ or to man unpleasant sound. The intensity of sound is expressed in units of sound pressure‚ or decibels. A very low whisper is about 10 dB‚ while a conversation in a normal tone is about 60 db and the sound of a rock concert reaches about 100 db. The main sources of noise are: means of transport such as cars‚ buses and motorcycles; industrial activities;
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Chapter 3 Mobile Radio Propagation: Large-Scale Path Loss 1. (a) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the 2-ray ground reflection model in the analysis of path loss. (b) What insight does the 2-ray model provide about large-scale path loss that was disregarded when cellular systems used very large cells? 2 .In a 2-ray ground reflected model‚ assume that must be kept below 6.261 radians for phase cancellation reasons. Assuming a receiver height of 2 m‚ and given a requirement that be less
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amount of decibels coming out of the house. A decibel is a unit of measurement for sound. I also did the same thing on a loud and a medium sound level. I did this with all of the boxes. The brick box produced an average of 10.33 decibels at a (80) 43 decibel volume‚ an average of 13 decibels at a (90) 53 decibel volume‚ and an average of 19.66 at a (100) 63 decibel volume with a total average of 14.33 decibels. The cement fiber box produced an average of 19 decibels at a (80) 43 decibel volume‚ an
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1. Define Modulation Modulation process of putting information onto a high-frequency carrier for transmission. 2. What is carrier frequency? In essence‚ then the transmission takes place at the high frequency (the carrier) which has been modified to “carry” the lower-frequency information. 3. Describe the two reasons that modulation is used for communications transmission. The modulated stage accepts two inputs‚ the carrier and the information (intelligence) signal. 4
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levels in residential neighbourhoods to 55 decibels (dB) during the day and 45 dB at night. However‚ Awaaz Foundation’s Noise Report on Janmashtami 2012 found that these levels were being violated all over Mumbai & Thane‚ reaching a peak of 117 dB in the Kalachowkie area. Similarly‚ the 10th day Ganpati celebrations in 2012 saw decibel levels in the range of 90-110 dB‚ setting a new record at 121.4 dB at Girgaum Chowpatty. Continuous exposure to such high-decibel sound leads to health issues like hypertension
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plot (pronounced Boh-dee in English‚ Bow-duh in Dutch).[1] The magnitude axis of the Bode plot is usually expressed as decibels of power‚ that is by the 20 log rule: 20 times the common (base 10) logarithm of the amplitude gain. With the magnitude gain being logarithmic‚ Bode plots make multiplication of magnitudes a simple matter of adding distances on the graph (in decibels)‚ since [pic] A Bode phase plot is a graph of phase versus frequency‚ also plotted on a log-frequency axis‚ usually
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MICROWAVE RADIO SYSTEMS GAIN System Gain * Gs is the difference between the nominal output power of a transmitter (Pt) and the minimum input power to a receiver (Cmin) necessary to achieve satisfactory performance; * Must be greater than or equal to the sum of all gains and losses incurred by a signal as it propagates from a transmitter to a receiver * In essence‚ system gain represents the net loss of a radio system‚ which is used to predict the reliability of a system for a given
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by multi-path reflections of a transmitted waves by local scatterers such as human build structures or natural obstacles Fast fading occurs since MS and/or scatterers nearby MS are moving Signal strength in the receiver may change even tens of decibels within a very short time frame Signal coherence distance = separation between locations where fast fading correlation is negligible. Signal
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The ears are one of the most complex and interesting systems thats human body has and the sounds we hear are actually in many different parts deflected‚ absorbed‚ and also filtered by our different body parts. It’s then collected by our pinnae (the external part of or ears)‚ whose dimensions further affect the sound on its way into ear. There‚ vibrations are translated into signals‚ which are interpreted by your brain. In the 1930s‚ two scientists at Bell Labs‚ Harvey Fletcher and Wilden A. Munson
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