Calculate the shear stress τ and the angle of twist ɸ (in degrees) for a steel tube (G =76 GPa) having the cross section shown in figure Q9. The tube has length L = 1.5 m and is subjected to a torque T =10 KN m. Figure Q9 SOLUTION Steel tube Q10. A thin tubular shaft of circular cross section(see
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Citric Acid Cycle Take Place? In eukaryotes‚ the cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. Features of Citric Acid Cycle • Pyruvate produced by glycolysis is transformed by oxidative decarboxylation into acetyl-CoA in the presence of coenzyme A. • Acetyl-CoA enters citric acid cycle by react with oxaloacetate to produce citrate. • The reactions of the citric acid cycle include two other oxidative decarboxylation‚ which transform citrate into succinate. • The cycle is complete by regenaration
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7 common headaches and their causes Headaches can often be more than a pain‚ making it hard to concentrate on anything but the pounding‚ throbbing‚ or dull ache inside your head. What kind of headaches do you suffer from and what causes them? We asked Dr. Elizabeth Loder‚ chief of the Division of Headache and Pain in the Department of Neurology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital‚ to dissect seven common headache scenarios and their triggers... Hangover headache "The cause of these headaches
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The Krebs cycle begins with the conversion of pyruvate acid into Acetyl-Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA)‚ which occurs when the two-pyruvate molecules (produced by Glycolysis) cross over the Mitochondrial membrane‚ generating two NADH molecules. The Acetyl CoA molecules are used in the first step of the Krebs cycle. The acetyl group then
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(4) uses of energy in biological processes (B); active transport; muscle contraction; nerve transmission; synthesis; translocation; nitrogen fixation; receptors ENERGY TRANSFERS WHICH TAKE PLACE INSIDE LIVING ORGANISMS Living organisms including all plants and animals require energy for their cellular processes. In biological processes‚ the immediate energy source is often in the form adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The nucleotide ATP maintains both catabolic and anabolic reactions. An example of
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contain beta-carotene (see ‚ thiamin thiamin or vitamin B1 Organic compound‚ part of the vitamin B complex‚ necessary in carbohydrate metabolism. It carries out these functions in its active form‚ as a component of the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate. ‚ niacin niacin: see coenzyme; vitamin. niacin or nicotinic acid or
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are produced. Pyruvate oxidation‚ in the mitochondrial matrix‚ is where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl coenzyme (CoA) and CO2. NAD+ is reduced to NADH for each oxidation. Since two molecules of pyruvates are produced at the end of glycolysis‚ pyruvate oxidation operates twice for every glucose molecule. The end products of this reaction are two CO2 and two Acetyl CoA (acetate bounded to Coenzyme A). The Citric Acid Cycle is composed of eight reactions that also occur in the matrix of the mitochondria
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|α cells |Cells in the islets of Langerhans that release glucagon in response to low blood glucose levels. | |Acetylcholine |A neurotransmitter (transmitter substance) found in cholinergic synapses. | |Acetylcholinesterase |An enzyme in the synaptic cleft that breaks down the transmitter substance acetylcholine. | |Actin |A protein
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6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Aerobic respiration is a stage of cellular respiration that requires oxygen. When oxygen is present the pyruvic acid molecules enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl coenzyme A. This is also how fatty acids enter the citric acid cycle. During the citric acid cycle‚ the acetyl coenzyme A molecules are converted into carbon dioxide and water. The final step of aerobic cellular respiration is the electron transport system during which ATP molecules are charged with energy. At
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