Female Genital Mutilation: Long Term Psychological Effects The Psychology Department The Final Paper Dr. F. Cramer Presented By: Tim Abbas ID # 92-1356 Female Genital Mutilation‚ or Female Circumcision as sometimes called‚ is the partial or complete removal of the female clitoris immediately after birth‚ few years after birth (early childhood)‚ or several years after birth (adolescence). Originally‚ female genital mutilation was practiced to ensure female virginity until marriage; as it was discovered
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scrotum. (Kaefer 2009). Concealed penis is often of great concern to patient and family. Affected children are brought to surgeons’ attention for cosmetic reasons and difficulty to maintain proper hygiene‚ commonly patients are referred for circumcision revision. (Perger‚ Hanley et al. 2009) This anomaly can lead to phimosis‚ recurrent balanitis‚ difficulties with hygiene and inability to void while standing. This can be a significant source of anxiety.(Yang‚ Zhang et al. 2013). Classification
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uncommon ritual; the cutting of female genitals‚ known as female circumcision or as it is referred to by abolitionists‚ female genital mutilation (FGM) is commonly practiced in African‚ Middle Eastern and Asian countries such as Ethiopia‚ Sierra Leone‚ Somalia‚ Sudan‚ Kenya‚ Nigeria‚ Oman‚ the United Arab Emirates‚ Indonesia‚ Sri Lanka and India (Babatunde‚ 1998‚ p.3; Little‚ 2003‚ p. 30). The World Health Organization defines female circumcision as comprising “all procedures involving partial or total removal
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good appearance in the flesh who are trying to compel you to have yourselves circumcised‚ only that they may not be persecuted for the cross of Christ. (Galatians 6:12). The passage goes on to define that circumcision is not mandatory. Paul declared that Gentile Christians are free from circumcision and keeping all provisions from the Mosaic Law. Paul encourages the Gentile Christians to live in the spirit and fulfill the law of Christ. (Daniel J. Harrington‚ 1999)‚ pp.
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The greatest Christian Apologist and martyr‚ in the turn of the second century‚ who stood firm in defending the belief of Christianity‚ was the great philosopher and early Christian apologist and martyr - Justin Martyr. Justin Martyr (100-165CE)‚ was born in Samaria‚ near Jacob’s well‚ around turn of the century in modern day Palestine. Justin was a Gentile and well educated‚ who has traveled extensively in search for the life’s meaning in the philosophies of his day. In Justin’s child hood
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consistent existence in order for it to become a biblical doctrine of infant baptism. Even though circumcision was replaced by baptism‚ circumcision and baptism are essentially similar interpretation. On the other hand‚ the promised generation of the Old Testament has now been fully brought in to completion in Christ which is a symbol of baptism. The new covenant has been modified‚ but for the most part‚ circumcision and baptism are alike. A solemn ceremony for a baptized infant affirms the Christian belief
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The two rituals are slightly similar because boys have to go through a difficult task in order to become real men of the society. Today‚ circumcision between the two cultures is still practiced as a rite of passage. During this period‚ it is clear that the two communities have to go through a difficult task and lessons so as to be approved as new warriors of the community. After the rite of
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beginning of the circumcision ritual‚ the mother gives the baby up. They then take the baby to a special room that is needed‚ and the Kvatterin takes the child to the room where he is handed to the Kvatter. As the baby enters‚ there blessings that are cited while the baby is being entered into the room. The baby is then given to the Sandek‚ who will place his hands on the child. A prayer is said by the mohel while the ritual is being of circumcises of the child is being done. The circumcision is the removal
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In his work "Dialogue with Trypho" Justin Martyr in a form of a dialogue presents the views quite contrary to what it is usually taught. A well-known idea of Jews being the chosen nation favored by God is rejected. Justin Martyr is trying to find logic underneath God’s wrath‚ and his line of argumentation‚ based on analysis of the Old Testament‚ does emphasize the idea that Jews were punished by Mosaic rules for improper behavior. Jews are the chosen nation not because God likes them‚ but rather
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rites of passage for their daughters in which the goal is to enhance the desirability of the girl. The customs of female circumcision‚ foot binding and arranged marriage are three examples of genders roles being influenced by culture in different ways yet‚ ultimately‚ for the same purpose. The circumcision of young girls as discussed in "The Tragedy of Female Circumcision" by Waris Dirie‚ is a practice that goes far back in Middle Eastern culture. Though considered mutilation in most other
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