References: Ahmed‚ M. F. (1999) Stock Market‚ Macroeconomic Variables‚ and Causality: The Bangladesh Case. Savings and Development 23:2‚ 109–129. Ando‚ A.‚ and F. Modigliani (1963) The Life Cycle Hypothesis of Saving: Aggregate Implications and Tests. American Economic Review 53:1‚ 55–84. Bosworth‚ B. (1975) The Stock Market and
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causal relationship between globalization (characterized by FDI and Openness) and Economic Growth using co-integration techniques on time series data in Nigeria. The result of the study shows a unidirectional causality between FDI and Growth with FDI Granger causing growth while there was no causality between Openness and Growth. Rather‚ openness Granger causes external debt in Nigeria. The study encouraged that the country should imbibe some of the sketched contours of an appropriate development strategies
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Defination of Psychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Goals: 1. To describe behavior and mental processes 2. To predict behavior and mental processes 3. To allow psychologists and their clients to control or change behavior and mental processes 4. To explain (establish cause and effect relationships concerning) behavior and mental processes. The first three goals (description‚ prediction‚ and control) are the easiest
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output. Therefore‚ the objective of this study is to fill the research gap by investigating the trivariate causality for Nigerian economy by incorporating economic growth as a third variable in the existing corruption and poverty bivariate model. The results of this study indicated that there is an existence of co-integration among the variables under investigation - characterizing a long run causality relationship among corruption‚ economic growth and poverty in Nigeria. The results of the dynamic economic
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prices affect commodity prices and through these links‚ instability is transferred from energy markets to already volatile agricultural markets. In this article‚ we present empirical results using contemporary time-series analysis and Granger causality supplemented by a directed graph theory modeling approach to identify the links and plausible contemporaneous causal structures among energy and commodity variables. The results show that although there is a strong correlation among oil and commodity
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because he is the best mayor in our history. * Jimmy is stupid because he’s an idiot. False Causality: Mistakenly concluding that an event is caused by another simply because it follow that other. In other words‚ it is an argument based on cause and effect in which the cause is not accurate (assuming that because two things happened‚ the first one caused the second one). Examples of false causality: * That baby is crying‚ so it must be hungry. (It might just be tired or uncomfortable.)
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Introduction Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a key component of the global capital flow that entails world economic growth through investment opportunities. As an investment tool FDI also affect the aggregated growth of the host country. FDI as a share of GDP has become the largest source of capital moving from developed nations to developing ones. FDI inflow usually involves starting new production facilities namely Greenfield investments or purchase of existing business through mergers and
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Aristotle’s metaphysics of causality and change and compare and contrast it with the conception of causality of Thomas Aquinas. Since Aquinas’ metaphysics cannot be understood unless we are familiar with the Aristotelian theories . . . on matter and form‚ on causality‚ and on potency and act‚”[2] I will first have to explicate the relevant parts of Aristotle’s metaphysics in order then to consider the saint’s modifications and additions as regards his theory of causality. Finally‚ I shall reflect
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Academy of Management Review 2012‚ Vol. 37‚ No. 2‚ 300–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0522 UNDERSTANDING ATTRIBUTIONS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL IRRESPONSIBILITY DONALD LANGE Arizona State University NATHAN T. WASHBURN Thunderbird School of Global Management Notwithstanding the significance to organizations of external reactions to bad behavior‚ the corporate social responsibility literature tends to focus on the meaning of and expectations for responsible behavior‚ rather than on the meaning
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change. For example‚ a stone thrown at the window pane will cause the pane of glass to shatter. In this situation‚ throwing of stone is the cause while the shattered glass is the effect. Such an implicit understanding of causality is found in everyday life. But the meaning of causality in scientific research rests on the assumption that one can observe a constant or stable association between the occurrence of events and from such an association a causative connection can be inferred. Causal relationships
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