2 Investor Objectives 2.1. Measuring Investor Returns We understand that firms should attempt to maximize investor wealth. But‚ while we now have a strategic goal‚ we have a little way to go before we can turn it into an action plan. Companies generate uncertain cash flows over very long time horizons; we need a way of turning these risky income streams into equivalent quantities of hard cash. We will do this in two stages. We start with a careful discussion of interest rates‚ which will enable
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CAPM is a model which enables investors to determine the expected return from a risky security. It observes the relationship between the risk of an asset (Mobil Oil) and its return. The model uses Beta as the main measure of risk. This model works under the following situations: • In a perfectively competitive market where they are many price-takers’ investors‚ who have a small market share each. • Investors behaviour is myopic • Also investments included in the model are publicly
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Derivation of the CAPM We know from Markowtiz’ framework concerning two-fund separation that each investor will have a utility-maximizing portfolio that is a combination of the risk free asset and the tangency portfolio. If all investors see the same capital allocation line‚ they will all have the same linear efficient set called the Capital Market Line (CML). This forms a linear relationship between expected return of the portfolio and the standard deviation. If market equilibrium is to exist we
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1 Factor Models The Markowitz mean-variance framework requires having access to many parameters: If there are n risky assets‚ with rates of return ri ‚ i = 1‚ 2‚ . . . ‚ n‚ then we must know 2 all the n means (ri )‚ n variances (σi ) and n(n − 1)/2 covariances (σij ) for a total of 2n + n(n − 1)/2 parameters. If for example n = 100 we would need 4750 parameters‚ and if n = 1000 we would need 501‚ 500 parameters! At best we could try to estimate these‚ but how? In fact‚ it is easy to see
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CAPM essay In the second scenario BBBY would use its $400 million in excess cash and borrow the remaining funds until Question 2 a) We will need to calculate the debt-to GDP ratio for each year separately in order to compute the total accumulation. The following equations and variables are used in question a) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Therefore‚ after 5 years the debt-to-GDP ratio will be equal to 104‚8 % (rounded to one decimal) b) The
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asset pricing model (CAPM) for researchers and practitioners. Markowitz (1952) argued that investors should be concerned with holding efficient portfolios‚ that is‚ a portfolio offering the highest expected return for each level of risk. Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965) took Markowitz’s work one step further to develop the CAPM to explain the relationship between systematic risk and expected return in financial markets. The CAPM is denoted by the following equation: The CAPM is used to determine
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of this paper will derive the validity of the Fama and French (FF) model and the efficiency of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The comparison of the Fama and French Model and CAPM (Sharpe‚ 1964 & Lintner‚ 1965) uses real time data of stock market to practise its efficacy. The implication of the function in realistic conditions would justify the utility of the CAPM theory. The theory suggests that the expected return demanded by investors on a risky asset depends on the risk-free rate of interest
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capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is widely accepted despite it being a linear model‚ and this is probably due to the simplicity of the model and its pre-computer age birth (see equation below). A well recognized and utilized metric in finance is beta (β)‚ which is the slope in the linear CAPM. To derive β one simply plots the returns (capital gains plus dividend yields) of an individual stock (y-axis) against the returns of a well diversified portfolio of stocks ( x-axis)‚ with the resulting
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M.Sc. Economics and Finance Dissertation INTEREST RATE SENSITIVITY OF STOCK RETURNS Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Illias Tsiakas for his continued support and Encouragement. I would like to thank my father‚ mother and my sister for their tremendous support and understanding not only through the period of this thesis but for the period of the entire masters programme. In addition I would like to thank some of my friends who supported and encouraged me. Special thanks
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Toyota Motor Corporation (Toyota) Toyota is a Japanese company founded by Sakichi Toyoda. It first began selling cars in the US in 1957‚ and quickly became successful by its mission of high quality and low prices. The company’s objective was never to be number one in sales. Toyota was focused in their offer of best quality in the market. Toyota’s vehicles were also very well known by their high resale price. Automobile Industry in 2008 Toyota played in a very competitive enviroment
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