BOILING AND CONDENSATION BOILING • Phase change phenomenon where in transformation of liquid to vapour occurs at the saturation temperature of the fluid. It occurs at a solid/liquid interface due to convection heat transfer from the solid and usually occurs at surface temperatures higher than the saturation temperature of the fluid Agitation of fluid by vapor bubbles provides large convection coefficients Modified Newton’s law of cooling qs’’ h Ts Tsat Te • • • BOILING – CLASSIFICATON
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Introduction: Aldol Condensation‚ a useful carbon-carbon bond-forming is the an example of a reaction named based on the type of product formed. This product formed involves two aldehydes or ketones in the presence of dilute base‚ yields a molecule having both aldehyde and alcohol. The aldol products are β-hydroxyaldehydes or β- hydroxyketones. Condensation reaction is the transformation that result from combination of large molecules to produce another larger molecule. In an aldol condensation‚ β-hydroxyaldehyde
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“SPORTS RULE THE MIND” (A paragraph condensation) The argument between a sports lover‚ and an academic supporter. 1) Sports cause a lot of kids to be absent from their classes. 2) 2) His tally averages 22 hours per week. 3) 3) The janitors services are disrupted due to sports. 4) 4) Lost school time + Practice time = 42 days per semester. 5) 5) Dollar costs in custodial‚ secretarial and travel expenses are revealed. 6) 6) He
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Yield of CuCl2.2DMSO Formula weight (Mr) of CuCl2 = 63.55 + (35.45 x 2) =134.45g/mol Formula weight of product CuCl2.2DMSO = 134.45 + 2[16 + 32.06 + (12.01 x 2) + (1.0079 x 6)] = 290.704g/mol Mass of CuCl2= 0.850g Equation for reaction CuCl2 + 2DMSO -> CuCl22DMSO Mole ratio between CuCl2 and CuCl22DMSO = 1:1 Mole of CuCl2 = Mass/ Mr = 0.850/134.45 = 0.00632 moles Since the ratio between CuCl2 and CuCl22DMSO = 1:1‚ mole of CuCl2DMSO is also 0.0063 moles. To find theoretical yield of CuCl2
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A SHORT INTRODUCTION TO TWO-PHASE FLOWS Condensation and boiling heat transfer Herv´ Lemonnier e DM2S/STMF/LIEFT‚ CEA/Grenoble‚ 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 Ph. +33(0)4 38 78 45 40‚ herve.lemonnier@cea.fr herve.lemonnier.sci.free.fr/TPF/TPF.htm ECP‚ 2011-2012 HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS • Condensation heat transfer: – drop condensation – film condensation • Boiling heat transfer: – Pool boiling‚ natural convection‚ ´bullition en vase e – Convective boiling‚ forced convection‚ • Only for pure fluids. For
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Aldol Condensation Formal Abstract: An aldol condensation reaction was performed on acetophenone using p-anisaldehyde and sodium hydroxide as a base. This produced trans-p-anisalacetophenone in the form of a fluffy yellow crystal. The reaction was performed in a test tube and sodium hydroxide was added drop by drop followed by recrystallization and vacuum filtration. In order to verify the presence of the ketone 2‚4-dinitrophenylhydrazone was synthesized and reacted with trans-p-anisalacetophenone
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procedure. Results and Analysis {Limiting reagent} Mass benzoin = 2.0050g (0.00945 mole) Mass sodium borohydride = 0.4059g (0.0107 mole) Mass compound A used to form compound B = 1.0647g Results Mass (g) moles Molecular formula Yield (%) Mp (pure) Compound A 1.7458 0.00815 C14H14O2 86.22 138-139 Compound C 0.4255 0.001988 C14H14O2 40.02 136-138 Spectral Analysis IR Absorption (cm-1) Assignment Benzoin 3411‚ 3374 OH 2961‚ 2903 C-H aromatic 2358 C-O
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Aldol Condensation Discussion: 1. Aldol condensation reactions take place in basic conditions‚ where a deprotonated enol becomes an enolate and proceeds to attack the aldehyde. Since the solution is basic‚ it is able to deprotonate the alpha carbons of the product‚ which forces the hydroxide groups to leave. The product is then considered to be dehydrated and unsaturated. In terms of our reaction‚ cyclopentatone is deprotonated to form an enolate‚ which then attacks the two molecules of p-tolualdehyde
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Synthesis of Benzoin Date of Experiment: 1-26-15 Chelsea Price Lab Partner: Joey Simmons Abstract: In this experiment‚ benzoin was synthesized from benzaldehyde‚ using thiamine hydrochloric acid as a catalyst. The thiamine HCl was deprotonated by sodium hydroxide and acted as a nucleophile to attack the benzaldehyde. A water-cooled condenser was used to heat the solution at reflux. Vacuum filtration was used to wash and dry the product. The benzoin product was recrystallized
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Experiment 11: Synthesis of Dibenzalacetone by the Aldol condensation Introduction: The Aldol condensation reaction‚ under basic conditions‚ involves the nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion to another carbonyl group. The resulting product‚ a beta-hydroxy ketone or aldehyde‚ is called an aldol because it contains both and aldehyde group and the hydroxy group of alcohol. Condensations‚ including aldol condensation‚ combine two or more molecules‚ typically with a loss of a smaller molecule (including
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