Medicines and Perturbation of Signaling Pathways- TAXOL TAXOL (Paclitaxel) is a breast cancer curing drug which reduces‚ slows down the growth of cancerous cells and its spread in the human body. Taxol is a clear and colorless powder with the chemical formula- C47H51NO14 and a molecular weight of 853.9 g/mol. Taxol is also used to cure other types of cancer like ovarian‚ lung and prostate. Taxol is a chemotherapeutic drug which mainly controls the growth of the cancerous cells. It belongs to the
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Stroke Pathophysiology Sid Shah‚ MD Pathophysiology of Stroke Sid Shah‚ MD Page 2 of 14 Stroke Pathophysiology Introduction The two major mechanisms causing brain damage in stroke are‚ ischemia and hemorrhage. In ischemic stroke‚ which represents about 80% of all strokes‚ decreased or absent circulating blood deprives neurons of necessary substrates. The effects of ischemia are fairly rapid because the brain does not store glucose‚ the chief energy substrate and is incapable of anaerobic
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well. For years‚ studies have shown that post-menopausal women have greater risk of having osteoporosis; this is because their levels of estradiol are reduced once menopause hits. The major purpose of estrogen in bones is to regulate osteoblast apoptosis‚ or death of the cells that are responsible for forming bone‚ and therefore regulate the breakdown of bone and release of minerals to the bloodstream. With deficiency of estrogen‚ the osteoblasts live longer and can break down more bone than they
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internucleosomal DNA fragmentation of HeLa and HepG2 cells. The DNA isolated from cells treated with Pierisin-6 (2 and 25 ng/ml‚ respectively) concentration were incubated for 48 h and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA ladder characteristic of apoptosis were observed in both cell lines (Fig. 5). No DNA fragmentation occurred in the untreated cells. 3.9. Caspase-3 expression in apoptotic cells The molecular effectors that activate a series of protease that leads to programmed cell death by intrinsic
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(DAG) and ceramides impair insulin metabolic signaling and prompt diabetic cardiomyopathy. In this regard‚ the increased DAG in cardiomyocytes impairs glucose metabolism through activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms [24]. Ceramides are a family of bioactive waxy lipid molecules composed of sphingosine and a fatty acid [24]. Ceramide directly activates the atypical PKCs to phosphorylate and inhibit the insulin metabolic Akt/PKB signaling and thus inhibit GLUT4 translocation and insulin-stimulated
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MBB 125 Molecular Physiology of Eukaryotic Systems Lecture 24 Epigenetics and Cancer: Disease of the Genome National Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology University of the Philippines Diliman EPIGENETICS Epigenome and Chromatin Organization E Study of heritable changes in gene activity that are not attributable to alterations in genetic sequence Potential point of crosstalk between the genome and the env’t ex: identical twins http://www.resverlogix.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/epigenetics_large-1024x804
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Susan Chong DSR 610 6 May 2015 EZH2 and Notch1 signaling in glioblastomas and breast cancer stem cells Within a tumor exists a subpopulation of cells that present less abnormal characteristics; however‚ there exists another type that hold the potential to recreate and expand tumor mass. The latter share similar characteristics to normal stem cells‚ which are the unlimited ability to self-renew and the ability to maintain undifferentiated. Over the course of time‚ these cells will differentiate into
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water and molecules with high molecular weight and cause a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation cause depletion in ATP production and induces apoptosis by releasing the intra-mitochondrial proteins cytochrome c‚ endonuclease G‚ Smac/Diablo and apoptosis-inducing factor into the cytosol(Frank et
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Chapter 1: Cell Pathology 1-1 Which of the following accounts for differences in cells in a human body? Differences in chromatin Differences in chromosomes Differential content of DNA Differential expression of genes 1-2 Which of the following structures is not normally found in the cytoplasm of a resting cell? DNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) 1-3 Which of the following cytoplasmic organelles are not found in most all nucleated cells? Endoplasmic
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suppression‚ anergy‚ etc.). Central tolerance is the process which occurs in the primary lymphoid organs of the thymus for T cells and the bone marrow for B cells‚ where B and T cells which recognize and react to self-antigens are destroyed‚ through apoptosis (McCance & Huether‚ 2014). The process were a B or T cell reacts to self-antigen is called autoreactivity. Autoreactivity is a result of the VJ and VDJ genes rearranging in a manner that results in a T-cell receptor (TCR) or a B-cell receptor (BCR)
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