Sensitivity to stimuli originating outside of the body. The skin contains receptors that respond to touch‚ pressure‚ and temperature. The relationships between receptors and the cutaneous sensations are not completely understood. Meissner’s corpuscles are sensitive to touch and Pacinian corpuscles to deep pressure. Ruffini endings transmit information about warmth and Krause’s bulbs about cold. Information is transmitted from the receptors tonerve fibers that are routed through the spinal cord to the brainstem
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis is an important mechanism the body uses to remove cholesterol from the bloodstream. Persons with the inherited disease hypercholesterolemia lack normal LDL receptors and as a consequence‚ have dangerously high levels of circulating cholesterol. Their cells cannot remove circulating LDL particles‚ and so the load of cholesterol tends to accumulate on the walls of their arteries‚ which eventually blocks blood flow. Mammalian cells use receptor-mediated
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pressure inducing changes in the volume of extra cellular fluids through the renin-angiotensin system. Renin is an enzyme released by the kidneys when the blood pressure is dangerously low. Renin helps to increase blood pressure through several ways. It promotes the release of angiotensin I‚ a mild vasoconstrictor‚ by entering the blood circulation. Angiotensin I is then enzymatic-ally processed to become angiotensin II‚ a powerful vasoconstrictor that acts mainly on the small arterioles‚ and in a
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the effects of pharmaceutical drugs on people’s major organs are devastating. Cannabis is a much safer‚ 100% natural approach to treating chronic illnesses and it is not damaging to peoples organs. In fact‚ the human body has built in cannabinoid receptors in the brain and the spleen‚ and our bodies actually create our own cannabinoid proteins‚ which contains no psychoactive component. Therefore‚ the human body creates its own cannabis. Personally‚ being through what I have been through with my chronic
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2. Explain: the structure of GABAA receptor complex and location of Benzodiazepine’s and barbiturate’s binding sites on GABAA receptors. a. The GABAA receptor complex have chloride channels associated with in the receptor (influx of Cl cause hyperpolarization causing CNS depression) b. In this isoform‚ the two binding sites for GABA are located between adjacent α1 and β2 subunits‚ and the binding pocket for benzodiazepines (the BZ site of the GABAA receptor) is between an α1 and the γ2 subunit
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of a sensory receptor d. Transduction of the stimulus e. Generation of nerve impulses iii. First-order neurons: from PNS to CNS f. Integration of sensory input 3. Sensory Receptors g. Types iv. Free Nerve Endings: bare dendrites v. Encapsulated Nerve Endings: pressure‚ vibration‚ some touch vi. Separate Cells: specialized 1. Hair cells for hearing and equilibrium 2. Gustatory receptor cells for taste
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brain of a pig — what some called enkephalins (from the Greek εγκέφαλος‚ cerebrum).[6][7] Around the same time‚ in a calf brain‚ Rabi Simantov and Solomon H. Snyder of the United States found[8] what Eric Simon (who independently discovered opioid receptors in vertebral brains) later termed "endorphin" by an abbreviation of "endogenous morphine"‚ meaning "morphine produced naturally in the body".[5] Importantly‚ recent studies have demonstrated that human and diverse animal tissues are in fact capable
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As stated above the androgen receptor-coding gene is located in band Xq11-q12 on the long arm of the (X) chromosome. This portion of the X chromosome is about 90kb and contains 8 exons that code 919 amino acids with a mass of approximately 110kDa. These many amino acids determine the structure of the transcription factor protein involved in steroid-hormone activation. The androgen receptor has several functional domains‚ which are inconsistently classified among various literature. In general the
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What is receptor mediated endocytosis? Explain how it occurs. Receptor meditated endocytosis is a way the cell uses endocytosis by absorbing coated vesicles by the means of clathrin and breaking down the absorbed materials so the cell can use it. Receptor mediated endocytosis begins by the binding of a protein to a receptor that is located on the plasma membrane. Next the receptors collect and cluster in coated pits‚ and then forms a vesicle.(pg. 343) Then adaptin binds to the receptor and clathrin
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1. A drug‚ given as a 100-mg single dose‚ results in a peak plasma concentration of 20 μg/mL. The apparent volume of distribution is (assume a rapid distribution and negligible elimination prior to measuring the peak plasma level): A. 0.5 L. B. 1 L. C. 2 L. D. 5 L. E. 10 L. Answer: D 2. A drug with a half-life of 12 hours is administered by continuous intravenous infusion. How long will it take for the drug to reach 90 percent of its final steady state level? A. 18 hours. B. 24 hours.
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