References: Ainsworth‚ M. et.al‚ (1978)‚ cited in Oates‚ J.‚ Lewis‚ C.‚ and Lamb‚ M. (2005)‚ ‘Parenting and Attachment’‚ in Ding‚ S. and Littleton‚ K. (eds) Children’s Personal and Social development‚ Oxford‚ Blackwell/The Open University. Bowlby‚ J.‚ (1969)‚ Attachment
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the internal working model is the continuity hypothesis‚ which is a key theory to explaining childhood or adolescent experiences on later adult relationships‚ where it states that childhood relationships will affect your future relationships‚ Mary Ainsworth explores this by looking at our relationships as infants as concluded three types: Secure‚ insecure-avoidant‚ insecure-resistant. Secure is where the infant is in a calm state even without the presence of the primary caregiver‚ secure avoidant is
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The attachment theory came about in the early 1950’s from psychologists John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. The definition of attachment according to Bowlby is the enduring deep emotional bond between a child and a specific caregiver. Bowlby described attachment as a “lasting psychological connectedness between human beings” (Bowlby‚ 1969‚ p. 194). Bowlby believed that attachment characterized human experience from "the cradle to the grave." Attachment is not only present in infants but it continues
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References: Ainsworth M(1978) cited by Wood C‚ Littleton K & Oates J (2003) p.30 ’Lifespan Development’ in Cooper T & Roth I (eds) Challenging Psychological Issues‚ Milton Keynes‚ The Open University Bowlby J 1946 cited by Wood C‚ Littleton K & Oates J (2003) p.22-29
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The Relational Approach to Counselling I this essay I intend to demonstrate my understanding of the Relational Approach and its underlying theory. I will show throughout this essay that it is essential to understand relationships‚ their development and impact on humans. I am also going to discuss the concept of secure base and repeating relational patterns. I will then consider the implications of working with a culturally diverse population and how this effect the counsellor‘s way of being with
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Attachment is described as the socio-emotional bond between individuals (Wicks-Nelson & Isreal‚ 2009). Healthy parental attachment develops in the first year of life through consistent‚ sensitive‚ and responsive parenting from a stable caregiver (Ainsworth‚ 1979; Barnas & Cummings‚ 1994; Sroufe‚ 2005). The attachment relationship with a caregiver is an essential component in helping to form the foundation for healthy personality and functioning in society. For example‚ attachment is known to influence
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References: Ainsworth‚ M. (1978). Patterns of attachment: a psychological study of the strange situation Philadelphia: Laurence Earlbaum Associates‚ Inc. Belsky‚ J. & Eggebeen‚ D. (1991‚ January 1). Early and extensive maternal employment and young children’s socioemotional
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References: Ainsworth (1962) cited in ‘Parenting and Attachments’ ‚ Oates‚ J.‚ Lewis‚ C.‚ Lamb‚ M. (eds) Psychological Development and Early Childhood‚ Oxford‚ Blackwell/ The Open University. Bowlby (1973) cited in ‘Parenting and Attachments’ ‚ Oates‚ J.‚ Lewis‚ C.‚ Lamb
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Attachment Theories and Parenting Styles Humans are social beings and need to be with others and form relationships but our relationship behaviors do not "come naturally" and they need to be learned similar to other social skills (Schneider‚ Gruman & Coutts‚ 2005‚ p.77). Many psychologists argue that the kind of relationships infants have with their primary caregivers is the blueprint for the later life relationships (Schneider‚ Gruman & Coutts‚ 2005). Behaviors in adult relationships’ are influenced
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between two people like with a mother and infant. The attachment acts as a basis for further emotional and psychological development. Following on from the study carried out by Schaffer and Emerson (1964) on the phases of development in attachment‚ Ainsworth and Bell (1978) investigated individual differences in attachment using the Strange Situation. They hoped that their method of assessing attachments would be a reliable and valid measure of attachments. The Strange Situation test lasted approximately
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