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An Essay on Criticism is one of the first major poems written by the English writer Alexander Pope (1688–1744). It is written in a type of rhyming verse called heroic couplets.
The poem first appeared in 1711, but was written in 1709, and it is clear from Pope's correspondence[1] that many of the poem's ideas had existed in prose form since at least 1706. It is a verse essay written in the Horatian mode and is primarily concerned with how writers and critics behave in the new literary commerce of Pope's contemporary age. The poem covers a range of good criticism and advice, and represents many of the chief literary ideals of Pope's age.
Pope contends in the poem's opening couplets that bad criticism does greater harm than bad writing:
'Tis hard to say, if greater Want of SkillAppear in Writing or in Judging ill,But, of the two, less dang'rous is th' Offence,To tire our Patience, than mis-lead our SenseSome few in that, but Numbers err in this,Ten Censure wrong for one who Writes amiss;A Fool might once himself alone expose,Now One in Verse makes many more in Prose. ... (1–8)
Despite the harmful effects of bad criticism, literature requires worthy criticism.
Pope delineates common faults of critics, e.g., settling for easy and cliché rhymes:
And ten low words oft creep in one dull line:While they ring round the same unvaried chimes,With sure returns of still expected rhymes;Wher'er you find "the cooling western breeze",In the next line, it "whispers through the trees";If crystal streams "with pleasing murmurs creep",The reader's threatened (not in vain) with "sleep" . . . (347–353)
Throughout the poem, Pope refers to ancient writers such as Virgil, Homer, Aristotle, Horace and Longinus. This is a testament to his belief that the "Imitation of the ancients" is the ultimate standard for taste. Pope also says, "True ease in writing comes from art, not chance, / As those move easiest who have learned to dance" (362–363), meaning poets are made, not born.
The poem first appeared in 1711, but was written in 1709, and it is clear from Pope's correspondence[1] that many of the poem's ideas had existed in prose form since at least 1706. It is a verse essay written in the Horatian mode and is primarily concerned with how writers and critics behave in the new literary commerce of Pope's contemporary age. The poem covers a range of good criticism and advice, and represents many of the chief literary ideals of Pope's age.
Pope contends in the poem's opening couplets that bad criticism does greater harm than bad writing:
'Tis hard to say, if greater Want of SkillAppear in Writing or in Judging ill,But, of the two, less dang'rous is th' Offence,To tire our Patience, than mis-lead our SenseSome few in that, but Numbers err in this,Ten Censure wrong for one who Writes amiss;A Fool might once himself alone expose,Now One in Verse makes many more in Prose. ... (1–8)
Despite the harmful effects of bad criticism, literature requires worthy criticism.
Pope delineates common faults of critics, e.g., settling for easy and cliché rhymes:
And ten low words oft creep in one dull line:While they ring round the same unvaried chimes,With sure returns of still expected rhymes;Wher'er you find "the cooling western breeze",In the next line, it "whispers through the trees";If crystal streams "with pleasing murmurs creep",The reader's threatened (not in vain) with "sleep" . . . (347–353)
Throughout the poem, Pope refers to ancient writers such as Virgil, Homer, Aristotle, Horace and Longinus. This is a testament to his belief that the "Imitation of the ancients" is the ultimate standard for taste. Pope also says, "True ease in writing comes from art, not chance, / As those move easiest who have learned to dance" (362–363), meaning poets are made, not born.