AP World History Chapter 1 overall review

1. Expansion & Integration - All classical civilizations expanded - New challenges: How did they cooperate? ○ Seminal thinkers brought central values; Confucius, Laozi, Buddha, Socrates - Unity attempts ○ China= Centralize the government § Royal citizens -> resettlement around the government § Language promotion § Confucian hierarchy § India= Hierarchy society § Caste system § Hinduism ○ Mediterranean § Local autonomy (freedom in life for their people; High tolerance) § Laws § Citizenships § Economic interdependence 2. Non classical Developments - Africa § Kush -> Axum -> Ethiopia & Later foundation of Ghana □ Writing, religious conversion (Judaism & Christianity), iron, divine rule of Kings - Japan § Writing, agriculture, Shintoism, Iron, Divine rule - Europe § Little independent development, Regional ruling, polytheistic, interaction with Rome - Central America § Olmecs - Monuments; Corn, potato, Few domesticated animals, Calendar, Writings § Mayans - Foundation on the Olmecs § Incas - Similar to Maya and Inca, built cities & religious monuments § Lacked benefits of interaction (wheel and irons were scarce) - Polynesians (In Pacific) § Fiji, Samoa, Hawaii □ Outrigger canoes , caste system (particular in Hawaii), Divine rule (king based) - Central Asia § Nomadic Herders, Trade route intermediaries (middleman ,Whole sale people), technologies (stirrups) § Invasion of civilization -> population pressure & spoils 3. Decline (and Fall or Revival) of Civilizations - China § 3 century of chaos (Similar to Era of Warring States) □ Fall because… □ Internal decay - Corruption, decline in central authority, high taxes, Buddhism's different thoughts with original thoughts; Confucianism □ Daoist rebellion "Yellow Turbines" -> … Failed… □ Epidemics (up to half died) □ Nomadic invasions (from the Huns) □