Vocabulary Booster German English

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Erklärung
UNIT 18

Beispiele

Market leader

Marktführer

someone or something that is winning during a race or other situation where people are competing A company’s sales expressed as a percentage of the total market Short-term tactics designed to stimulate stronger sales of a product The situation in which there is only one seller of a product; a market in a particular product in which a single producer can fix an artificial price. Companies offering similar goods or services to the same set of customers A short and easily memorized phrase used in advertising The division of a market into submarkets according to the needs or buying habits of different groups of potential customers A small and specific market segment; an area or position which is exactly suitable for a small group of the same type

Microsoft is a world leader in software design.

Market share

Marktanteil Promotion, Warenangebot Monopol, Monopolstellung

The company has increased its market share.

Promotion

There was a promotion in the supermarket and they were giving away free glasses of wine. The government is determined to protect its tobacco monopoly.

Monopoly

Competitors

Konkurrenten Werbespruch, Motto, Slogan Marktsegmentierung, Marktunterteilung Nische

Their prices are better than any of their competitors. an advertising slogan

Slogan

Market segmentation

City Insurance segmented the market into three by issuing three types of policy.

Niche

an ecological niche.

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Differential advantage Turnover

Differentialvorteil, -vorzug Umsatz Rezession Perfekter Wettbewerb

A factor which makes you superior to competitors in a certain respect A business’s total sales revenue A period during which an economy is working below its potential When products are homogeneous, and there are a great many firms too small to have any influence on the market price, and firms can easily enter and exit the industry Situation in which there is only one buyer Industry in which the efficient existence of more than one producer is impossible; examples include public utilities such as water, gas and electricity, where it would be inefficient to have several competing companies laying their own networks of pipes or cables. When many producers of slightly differentiated products are able to sell them at well above their marginal costs. A concentrated market dominated by a few large suppliers. This is very frequent in manufacturing because of economies of scale and the cost barriers of entering and industry Factors which cause the average cost of producing something to fall as output increases. Large supermarkets have high turnovers (= their goods sell very quickly). The country is sliding into the depths of (a) recession. The two companies are in competition with each other.

Recession

Perfect competition

Monopsony Natural monopoly

Monopson Natürliches Monopol

Monopolistic competition

Monopolistischer Wettbewerb

Oligopoly

Oligopol

Economies of scale

Massenproduktionsvorteile

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Barriers to entry

Zugangsbeschränkungen

Economic or technical factors that make it difficult or impossible for firms to enter a market or compete with existing suppliers. One in which a market leader can indicate its preferred price to smaller competitors.

Dominant-firm oligopoly Cartel Kartell

Group of producers or sellers who fix prices and quantities in order to avoid competition and increase profits. This is illegal in many countries, most notably the USA

an oil cartel

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UNIT 19
Innovation Innovation, Neuerung Streuen, aufteilen Fusionieren, verschmelzen, Überfall, Angriff Designing new products and bringing then to the market To expand into new fields To unite, combine, amalgamate, integrate or join together Buying another company’s shares on the stock exchange, hoping to persuade enough other shareholders to sell to take control of the company A public offer to a company’s shareholders to buy their shares, at a particular price during a particular period, so as to acquire a company To merge with or take over other firms producing the same type of goods or services Joining with firms in other stages of the production or sale of a product A merger with or the acquisition of one’s suppliers A merger with or the acquisition of one’s marketing outlets Combined production that is greater than the sum of the separate parts Team work at its best results in a synergy that can be very productive. The company made a takeover bid for a rival firm. the latest innovations in computer technology

To diversify

Many wheat farmers have begun to diversify into other forms of agriculture. They decided to merge the two companies into one.

To merge

A raid

Takeover bid

Übernahmeangebot

Horizontal

Horizontal, waagrecht Vertikal, senkrecht Rückläufig, rückwärts gerichtet Vorwärts, voraus Synergie

Draw a horizontal line across the bottom of the page. vertical lines/stripes

Vertical

Backward

Forward

Synergy

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UNIT 23
Printing money and destroying it Setting interest rates, ceilings & floors Commercial banking supervision Controlling the amount of banknotes in circulation Establishing maximum and minimum lending rates, thereby controlling the credit system Ensuring that banks have a sufficient liquidity ratio to allow customers to withdraw their deposits when they want Intervening on foreign exchange markets, buying or selling large amounts of the national currency, to prevent major fluctuations Lending money to a commercial bank in danger of going bankrupt Selling government bonds to commercial banks or buying them back, in order to alter the amount of credit the banks can offer (and thereby alter the money supply) Einkommensteuer Direkte Steuer (nach oben) gestaffelte Steuer Indirekte Steuer Mehrwertsteuer, Umsatzsteuer The tax people pay on their wages and salaries A tax on wages and salaries or on company profits A tax levied at a higher rate on higher incomes A tax paid on property, sales transactions, imports, and so on A tax collected at each stage of production, excluding the already-taxed costs from previous

Exchange rates supervision

Act as a lender of los resort Open market operations

Income tax Direct tax

Progressive tax Indirect tax

Value-added tax

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stages Capital gains tax Kapitalertragssteuer Erbschafts- und Schenkungssteuer Reichensteuer, Vermögenssteuer Steuerhinterziehung (legale) Steuervermeidung Abschreibung Abhaltung, negativer Anreiz rückläufig Konsum, Verbrauch, Verzerr selbstständig Staatliche Sozialversicherung Leistungsanreiz, Vorteil Profits made by selling assets are generally liable to Gifts and inheritances over a certain value are often liable to The annual tax imposed on people’s fortunes (in some countries) Making false declarations to the tax authorities Reducing the amount of tax you pay to a legal minimum Reducing the value of a fixed asset, by charging it against profits Something which discourages an action An adjective describing a tax that is proportionally higher for people with less money Spending money to buy things, rather than saving it; Spending on goods and services Working for yourself, being your own boss A tax on incomes that pays for sickness benefit, unemployment benefit, and old-age pensions Non-financial benefits or advantages of a job A way to delay the payment of tax to a later time Steuerlich absetzbar Describes expenditures that can be taken away

Capital transfer tax

Wealth tax

Tax evasion Tax avoidance

Depreciation

Disincentive Regressive

Consumption

Self-employed National insurance

Perks Tax shelters Tax-deductible

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from taxable income or profits Tax havens Steueroasen A country offering very low tax rates to foreign businesses

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UNIT 25
Expectations Mortgage Erwartungen, Aussichten Hypothek, Verpfänden Mieten, Pacht Output, Leistung Investition, Anlage Industrielle Jemanden entlassen, feuern demografisch Einschränkung Annahmen Ware, Handelsware Ausgleich, Gleichgewicht Beliefs about what will happen in the future Money borrowed in order to buy a house or flat or apartment Money paid for the use of a house or flat owned by somebody else The amount of something produced by a company, a country, and so on Spending on new machines, factories, and so on Owners or managers of manufacturing companies To dismiss employees Concerning the number of births, deaths, population movements, and so on An absence of luxury and comfort something that you accept as true without question or proof a substance or product that can be traded, bought or sold a state of balance People tend to make assumptions about you when you have a disability. The country's most valuable commodities include tin and diamonds. The disease destroys much of the inner-ear, disturbing the animal's equilibrium.

Rent

(Country’s) output

Investment

Industrialists

Lay off Demographic

Austerity Assumptions

Commodity

Equilibrium

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Exchange

Tauschen exogen Information Ressourcen, Mittel

when you give something to someone and they give you something else

They were given food and shelter in exchange for work.

Exogenous Information

facts about a situation, person, event, etc a useful or valuable possession or quality of a country, organization or person

I read an interesting bit/piece of information in the newspaper. The country's greatest resource is the dedication of its workers.

Resources

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UNIT 27
Visible trade Invisible imports and exports Barter or countertrade Balance of trade Warenverkehr, sichtbarer Handel Inländische Dienstleistung an Ausländer, unsichtbarer Handel Tauschhandel Handelsbilanz Zahlungsbilanz Trade in goods Trade in services (banking, insurance, tourism, and so on) Direct exchanges of goods, without the use of money The difference between what a country receives and pays for its exports and imports of goods The difference between a country’s total earnings from exports and its total expenditure on imports The (impossible) situation in which a country is completely self-sufficient and has no foreign trade A positive balance of trade or payments A negative balance of trade or payments Selling goods abroad at (or below) cost price Imposing trade barriers in order to restrict imports Taxes charged on imports Quantitative limits on the import of particular products or commodities

Balance of payments

Autarky

Autarkie, wirtschaftliche Unabhängigkeit Überschuss, Mehrbetrag Defizit, Verlust, Mangel Preisunterbietung Protektionismus, Schutzzollpolitik Tarife, Zölle Quoten

Surplus Deficit Dumping Protectionism

Tariffs Quotas

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Infant industries

Kleinkinderbranchen

UNIT 29
Market opportunity Marktchance Menschen mit hohem Eigenkapital risikoscheu Börsennotiert, notiert Gebühr, Entgelt, Honorar Eigenkapital Laufende Kosten, variable Kosten Marktdurchdringung Aufsichtsratsmitglied The possibility of providing a new product or service to satisfy particular needs People with a lot of money at their disposal Describes investors who do not want to take risks with their money Describes companies whose shares are traded on the stock exchange Money paid to professional people for a job of work done Another word for stocks or shares: a company’s own capital The day-to-day expenses of operating a business. The attempt to increase or maximize sales, and get a large number of customers Directors who do not work full time for a company, but advise it about strategic issues Individual consumers, households, companies, organizations, etc. Vorausschau Seeing what will happen in the future To do what you prefer to do, at the lowest

High net worth individuals Risk averse

Listed

Fee

Equity

Running costs

Market penetration

Non-executive directors Economic agents

Foresight To maximize utility

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possible cost Expectations Erwartungen, Aussichten Existenzgründer Wachsamkeit, Aufmerksamkeit Unwissenheit Bewusstsein What people think or anticipate will happen in the future A person who starts a business Being quick to see, understand or act in new situations Not knowing about something Knowing or being conscious of something

Entrepreneur Alertness

Ignorance Awareness

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