Urban Design as Social Control

Jericho
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This article is about the city in the West Bank. For other uses, see Jericho (disambiguation). Jericho | Other transcription(s) | • Arabic | أريحا | • Also spelled | Ariha (official) | • Hebrew | יריחו | The city of Jericho | Municipal Seal of Jericho | | JerichoLocation of Jericho within the Palestinian territories | Coordinates: 31°51′N 35°27′ECoordinates: 31°51′N 35°27′E | Governorate | Jericho | Founded | 9000 BC | Government | • Type | City (from 1994) | • Head of Municipality | Hassan Saleh[1] | Population (2006) | • Jurisdiction | 20,300 | Name meaning | "Fragrant" | Website | www.jericho-city.org |
Jericho (/ˈdʒɛrɪkoʊ/; Arabic: أريحا‎ ʾArīḥā [ʔaˈriːħaː] ( listen); Hebrew: יְרִיחוֹ Yeriḥo [jeʁiˈχo] ( listen)) is a Palestinian city located near the Jordan River in the West Bank. It is the administrative seat of the Jericho Governorate. In 2007, it had a population of 18,346.[2] The city was occupied by Jordan from 1948 to 1967, and has been held under Israeli occupation since 1967; administrative control was handed over to the Palestinian Authority in 1994.[3][4] It is believed to be one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world.[5][6][7]
Archaeologists have unearthed the remains of more than 20 successive settlements in Jericho, the first of which dates back 11,000 years (9000 BC),[8] almost to the very beginning of the Holocene epoch of the Earth 's history.
Jericho is described in the Old Testament as the "City of Palm Trees." Copious springs in and around the city attracted human habitation for thousands of years.[9] It is known in Judeo-Christian tradition as the place of the Israelites ' return from bondage in Egypt, led by Joshua, the successor to Moses. Contents [hide] * 1 Etymology * 2 History * 2.1 Ancient period * 2.1.1 Natufian Hunter-Gatherers c. 10,000 BC * 2.1.2 Pre-Pottery Neolithic Age, c. 9600 BC * 2.1.3

References: 7. ^ a b c Freedman et al., 2000, p. 689–671. 11. ^ Schreiber, 2003, p. 141. 12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ring et al., 1994, p. 367–370. 13. ^ Bromiley, 1995, p. 1136. 14. ^ "Bibliotheca Sacra 132". 1975. pp. 327–42. 15. ^ Editors, Mandatory (2013-01-24). "travel, history, civilizations, greatest cities, largest cities, Jericho". Mandatory. Retrieved 2013-03-12. 16. ^ Mithen, Steven (2006). After the ice: a global human history, 20,000-5000 BC (1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 57.ISBN 0-674-01999-7. 17. ^ Mithen, Steven (2006). After the ice : a global human history, 20,000-5000 BC (1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 54.ISBN 0-674-01999-7. 18. ^ a b Akkermans, Peter M. M.; Glenn M. Schwartz (2004). The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c.16,000-300 BC). Cambridge University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0521796668. 19. ^ Mithen, Steven (2006). After the ice : a global human history, 20,000-5000 BC (1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 59.ISBN 0-674-01999-7. 20. ^ Janson and Janson, 2003. 21. ^ Scneller, 1994, p. 138. 25. ^ a b c d e Murphy-O 'Connor, 1998, pp. 289–291. 31. ^ a b Losch, 2005, p. 117–118. 34. ^ “The Pilgrimage of Arculf in the Holy Land”, De Locis Sanctis as translated by Rev. James Rose MacPherson (W. London: BD. 24, Hanover Square, 1895), ch. I.11. 35. ^ Shahin, 2005, p. 285. 36. ^ Shahin, 2005, p. 283. 37. ^ al-Muqaddasi quoted in Le Strange, 1890, p.39. 38. ^ Hull, 1855. 39. ^ al-Hamawi and Abu-l Fida quoted in Le Strange, 1890, p.397. 40. ^ Singer, 2002, p. 120. 41. ^ Graham, Peter. A Topographical Dictionary of Palestine. London, 1836. Page 122. 42. ^ Friling and Cummings, 2005, p. 65. 43. ^ Benvenisti, 1998, pp. 27-28. 46. ^ Ġānim, Asʻad (2010), Palestinian Politics After Arafat: A Failed National Movement, Indiana University Press, p. 35,ISBN 9780253354273 47 52. ^ Hadawi, 1970, p.57 53 61. ^ "Old Testament Jericho". Web.archive.org. 2008-02-20. Archived from the original on 2008-02-20. Retrieved 2011-03-31. 62. ^ Kenyon, Kathleen "Digging up Jericho"(London, 1957) 63 Bibliography[edit] * Benvenisti, Meron (1998). City of Stone: The Hidden History of Jerusalem. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20768-4. * Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-3782-0. * Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002). The Bible Unearthed. Touchstone. ISBN 0-684-86913-6. * Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (2000).Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4. * Friling, Tuvia; Cummings, Ora (2005). Arrows in the Dark: David Ben-Gurion, the Yishuv Leadership, and Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-17550-4. * Gates, Charles (2003). Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. * Holman (2006). Holman Illustrated Study Bible-HCSB: Holman Christian Standard Bible. Broadman & Holman Publishers.ISBN 978-1-58640-275-4. * Hull, Edward (1855). Mount Seir, Sinai and Western Palestine. Richard Bently and Sons. * Janson, Horst Woldemar; Janson, Anthony F. (2003). History of Art: The Western Tradition. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-182895-9. * Kenyon, Kathleen (1957). Digging Up Jericho. * LeStrange, Guy (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems. Alexander P. Watt for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. * Losch, Richard R. (2005). The Uttermost Part of the Earth: A Guide to Places in the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.ISBN 978-0-8028-2805-7. * Murphy-O 'Connor, Jerome (1998). The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-288013-0. * Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Berney, K. A.; Schellinger, Paul E. (1994). International dictionary of historic places. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-884964-03-9. * Scheller, William (1994). Amazing Archaeologists and Their Finds. The Oliver Press, Inc. ISBN 978-1-881508-17-5. * Schreiber, Mordecai; Schiff, Alvin I.; Klenicki, Leon (2003). The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia. Schreiber Pub. ISBN 978-1-887563-77-2. * Shahin, Mariam (2005). Palestine: A Guide. Interlink Books.ISBN 978-1-56656-557-8. * Stacey, D. 'Hedonists or pragmatic agriculturalists? Reassessing Hasmonean Jericho ', Levant, 38 (2006), 191–202.