Tuberculosis Robbins 9thEdit 2 
Robbins & Cotran Basis of Disease – 9th Edition
Pg. 370-377
Mycobacteria
Bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium are slender, aerobic rods that grow in straight or branching chains. Mycobacteria have a unique waxy cell wall composed of unusual glycolipids and lipids including mycolic acid, which makes them acid-fast, meaning they will retain stains even on treatment with a mixture of acid and alcohol. They are weakly gram positive.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a serious chronic pulmonary and systemic disease caused most often by M. tuberculosis. The source of transmission is humans with active tuberculosis who release mycobacteria present in sputum. Oropharyngeal and intestinal tuberculosis contracted by drinking milk contaminated with M. bovis is rare in countries where milk is routinely pasteurized, but it is still seen in countries that have tuberculous dairy cows and unpasteurized milk.
Epidemiology. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tuberculosis is estimated to affect more than a billion individuals worldwide, with 8.7 million new cases and 1.4 million deaths each year. But there is significant progress toward WHO targets for reduction in cases of tuberculosis. Globally, between 2010 and 2011, new cases of tuberculosis fell at a rate of 2.2%, and mortality has decreased by 41% since 1990. Infection with HIV makes people susceptible to rapidly progressive tuberculosis; 13% of the people who developed tuberculosis in 2011 were HIV-positive. In 2011 there were 10,528 new cases of tuberculosis in the United States, 62% of which occurred in foreign-born people.
Tuberculosis flourishes wherever there is poverty, crowding, and chronic debilitating illness. In the United States, tuberculosis is mainly a disease of older adults, immigrants from high-burden countries, racial and ethnic minorities, and people with AIDS. Certain disease states also increase the risk: diabetes mellitus, Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lung disease (particularly silicosis),
Pg. 370-377
Mycobacteria
Bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium are slender, aerobic rods that grow in straight or branching chains. Mycobacteria have a unique waxy cell wall composed of unusual glycolipids and lipids including mycolic acid, which makes them acid-fast, meaning they will retain stains even on treatment with a mixture of acid and alcohol. They are weakly gram positive.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a serious chronic pulmonary and systemic disease caused most often by M. tuberculosis. The source of transmission is humans with active tuberculosis who release mycobacteria present in sputum. Oropharyngeal and intestinal tuberculosis contracted by drinking milk contaminated with M. bovis is rare in countries where milk is routinely pasteurized, but it is still seen in countries that have tuberculous dairy cows and unpasteurized milk.
Epidemiology. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tuberculosis is estimated to affect more than a billion individuals worldwide, with 8.7 million new cases and 1.4 million deaths each year. But there is significant progress toward WHO targets for reduction in cases of tuberculosis. Globally, between 2010 and 2011, new cases of tuberculosis fell at a rate of 2.2%, and mortality has decreased by 41% since 1990. Infection with HIV makes people susceptible to rapidly progressive tuberculosis; 13% of the people who developed tuberculosis in 2011 were HIV-positive. In 2011 there were 10,528 new cases of tuberculosis in the United States, 62% of which occurred in foreign-born people.
Tuberculosis flourishes wherever there is poverty, crowding, and chronic debilitating illness. In the United States, tuberculosis is mainly a disease of older adults, immigrants from high-burden countries, racial and ethnic minorities, and people with AIDS. Certain disease states also increase the risk: diabetes mellitus, Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lung disease (particularly silicosis),