Study Guide

The functions of the digestive system are:
a. To ingest food
b. To digest food into small nutrients so that the molecules can pass through membranes
c. To absorb nutrient molecules
d. To eliminate indigestible remains

The following is not considered an accessory organ of the digestive system:
a. Stomach

Children have (__) deciduous teeth and adults have (__) permanent teeth.
a. 20, 32

The folds in the stomach are called:
a. Rugae

The energy source preferred by cells is:
a. Glucose

The (__) is a worm-shaped structure projecting from the right side of the large intestine.
a. Appendix

The layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall from the inside in order are:
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis
4. Serosa

The crown of a tooth is comprised of the following:
a. Enamel
b. Dentin
c. Pulp

Swallowing is a (__) that occurs in the (__) and includes the closing off of the nasopharynx by the (__).
a. Reflex Action
b. Pharynx
c. Soft Palate

(__) is the rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle that pushes food through the intestines.
a. Peristalsis

When food leaves the stomach it appears as a thick soup liquid called:
a. Chyme
In the stomach, HCI in gastric juice:
a. Kills bacteria
b. Breaks down the connective tissues of meat
c. Activates Pepsin

The wall of the small intestine contains fingerlike projections called:
a. Villi

Pancreatic juice contains (__) that functions to neutralize acidic chime from the stomach.
a. NaHCO3

The duodenal wall of the small intestine secretes:
a. Secretin and cholecystokinin

Hepatitis A is usually acquired from:
a. Sewage-contaminated food and drinking water

The portions of the large intestine include the:
a. Colon
b. Cecum
c. Rectum
d. Anus

The large intestine absorbs:
a. Water and some vitamins

The following are recommended for reducing dietary cholesterol:
a. Avoid cheese, eggs, and liver.
b. Substitute egg whites for egg yolks.
c. Include oat bran, and fruits high in fiber

Vitamins often form:
a. Coenzymes
b. Structural Proteins
c. Antioxidants

The following is not considered an accessory organ of the digestive system:
a. Small intestine

The process of mechanical digestion includes:
a. Physically making food smaller and easier to handle

The following is not a function of the digestive system:
a. To protest against pathogens

The broad band of loose connective tissue beneath the mucosa that contains blood vessels, lymph, and nerves is called the:
a. Submucosa

The correct order of components of the digestive tract:
1. Mouth
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Small intestine
6. Large intestine
7. Rectum
8. Anus

This enzyme initiates the process of starch digestion in the mouth:
a. Salivary amylase

Pepsin is an enzyme that digests protein at acidic pH. Therefore it must act in the:
a. Stomach

The following is not produced by the pancreas:
a. Bile

The following is not a liver function:
a. It secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine.

The process of inspiration and expiration is known as breathing or:
a. Ventilation

The following is not considered part of the pharynx:
a. Trachea

The trachea divides into two (__) that lead to the lungs.
a. Bronchi

The air in the lungs that cannot be forced out is known as:
a. Residual volume

Otitis media refers to an infection of the:
a. Middle Ear

As air passes along the respiratory tract to the lungs it is:
a. Cleansed
b. Warmed
c. Moistened

The (__) glands produce tears.
a. Lacrimal

Swallowed food or fluid is prevented from entering the trachea by the:
a. Epiglottis

The (__) serves to equalize pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx.
a. Eustachian tubes

The (__) is called the voice box because the vocal cords can be found there.
a. Larynx

The site of gas exchange in the lungs is called:
a. Alveoli

The amount of air moved in and out with each breath is called:
a. Title volume

Humans inhale as the result of (__) pressure.
a. Negative

The respiratory center of the brain that triggers the process of inspiration is located in the:
a. Medulla oblongata

During (__) the respiratory pigment hemoglobin combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin in the pulmonary capillaries.
a. External respiration

The following is not considered an obstructive pulmonary disorder:
a. Pulmonary fibrosis

The respiratory disorder chronic bronchitis is caused by:
a. A degenerative change in the bronchi

Although the exact cause of SIDS, sudden infant death syndrome, is not presently known, it is suspected to be caused by:
a. The respiratory center ceasing to send signal to breath

The events involved in the formation of lung cancer are:
a. Thickening and callusing of cells lining the bronchi
b. Loss of cilia
c. Formation of cells with atypical nuclei

The intake of food via the mouth:
a. Ingestion

Mechanically or chemically breaking down foods into their subunits:
a. Digestion

Food must be moved along the GI tract in order to fulfill all functions:
a. Movement

Movement of nutrients across the GI tract wall to be delivered to cells via the blood:
a. Absorption

Removal of indigestible molecules:
a. Elimination

Innermost layer of the GI tract that produces mucus to protect the lining and also produces digestive enzymes:
a. Mucosa

2nd layer of loose connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves in the GI tract:
a. Submucosa

3rd layer made of 2 layers of smooth muscle that move food along the GI tract:
a. Muscularis

The outer lining of the GI tract that is part of peritoneum:
a. Serosa

The cavity between the mouth and esophagus that serves as a passageway for food and air:
a. Pharynx

A long muscular tube that carries food to the stomach:
a. Esophagus

Fish-shaped spongy organ behind the stomach:
a. Pancreas

The functions of the pancreas:
a. Secretes enzymes into the small intestine
b. Secretes bicarbonate into the small intestine to neutralize stomach acids
c. Secretes insulin into the blood to keep blood sugar levels under control

A large metabolic organ that lies under the diaphragm and is made of 100,000 lobules:
a. Liver

The functions of the liver:
a. Filters blood from the GI tract, thus acting to remove poisons and detoxify the blood
b. Removes iron, vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12 from the blood and stores them
c. Stores glucose and glycogen and breaks it down to help retain blood glucose levels
d. Makes plasma proteins and helps regulate cholesterol levels by making bile salts
e. It makes bile
f. Breaks down hemoglobin

The intestine to the large intestine:
a. Cecum

Increased peristalsis and failure to reabsorb water, due to either an infection or nervous stimulation:
a. Diarrhea

Feces are dry and hard: condition may be controlled with water and fiber:
a. Constipation

Enlarged and inflamed blood vessels of the anus due to chronic constipation, pregnancy, aging, or anal intercourse:
a. Hemorrhoids

Occurrence of pouches of mucosa from weak spots in the muscularis layer that can become infected: often occur in the descending colon:
a. Diverticulosis

Muscularis layer contracts with power, but without its normal coordination: characterized by chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain:
a. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A group of inflammatory disorders such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease:
a. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Small growths found in the epithelial lining that can be the benign of cancerous:
a. Polyps and Cancer

The pathway that air follows:
1. Nose
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5. Bronchus
6. Bronchioles
7. Alveoli

The bronchial tree starts with two main (__) bronchi that lead from the trachea into the lungs.
a. Bronchi

The bronchi continue to branch until they are small (__) about 1 mm in diameter with thinner walls.
a. Bronchioles

Bronchioles eventually lead to elongated sacs called:
a. Alveoli

Alveoli are enveloped by:
a. Blood Capillaries

Blockage of sinuses:
a. Sinusitis

Infection of the middle ear:
a. Otitis Media

Inflammation of the tonsils:
a. Tonsillitis

Infection of the larynx that leads to loss of voice:
a. Laryngitis

Infection of the lungs with thick fluid buildup:
a. Pneumonia

Bacterial infection that leads to tubercles:
a. Tuberculosis

Lungs lose elasticity because fibrous connective tissue builds up in the lungs usually because of inhaled particles:
a. Pulmonary fibrosis

Chronic incurable disorder in which alveoli are damages and thus the surface area for gas exchange is reduced:
a. Emphysema

Bronchial tree becomes irritated causing breathlessness, wheezing, and coughing:
a. Asthma

Uncontrolled cell division in the lungs that is often caused by smoking and can lead to death:
a. Lung cancer