In this experiment, methyl-m-nitrobenzoate, followed the electrophilic addition of aromatic ring, would be formed from the starting material methyl benzoate and nitric acid, under the catalysis of concentrated sulfuric acid. The reaction between nitric acid and sulfuric acid resulted in the formation of nitronium ion NO2+. It then acted as strong electrophile that nitrated the benzene ring. After that, vacuum filtration and recrystallization were methods used to obtain the final product with minimal impurities. The mass of product…
Sodium Benzoate is a common food preservative used in food products such as jams and jellies, soft drinks, pickles, condiments etc and in tinned products in the market. This experiment aimed to determine whether benzoic acid is formed from it’s superior soluble form sodium benzoate in stomach acid, which is simulated by HCl (pH=2). It has been seen that at a low optimum pH, i.e. in the presence of sufficient hydrochloric acid, sufficient benzoic acid is yielded. The percentage yield is determined from the calculations of the theoretical (stoichiometric) calculations and the actual yield from the reaction. Also throughout the experiment, some basic laboratory operations such as measuring mass and volume, separating solids from liquids by vacuum filtration and drying solids are familiarized with.…
In the experiment, we tested a sodium chloride solution. Along with the tested solution, control groups (water and sodium phosphate) were used to be help understand whether or not NaCl was a buffer. Water was the negative control group and sodium phosphate was the positive control group. If NaCl was a buffer than the pH would be stabled as the sodium phosphate buffer. If NaCl was not a buffer than the pH would fluctuate like the negative control, water. During the first trial and prior to the drops of 0.5 M of HCl acid, the pH of sodium chloride was 7.50. After the addition of 5 drops of 0.5 M of HCl, the pH decreased by 4.83 and ended at 2.67 on the pH scale. When comparing the results of the sodium chloride to the control groups, the total pH change of sodium phosphate was only…
wavelength Percentage concentration (methanol: water) Peak H value (height equivalent to a theoretical plate) (mm) 230nm 80:20 Phenol 0.0373 Benzophenone 0.0196 Naphthalene 0.0164 235nm 80:20 Phenol 0.0327 Benzophenone 0.0203 Naphthalene 0.0147 260nm 80:20 Phenol 0.0318 Benzophenone 0.0202 Naphthalene 0.0146 Figure 11: table for the height equivalent of the theoretical plates. It can be observed that the H values or height equivalent to a theoretical plate for phenol at the three wavelengths (230, 235, and 260nm) are all fairly similar, they are all around the 0.03mm mark (use of one significant figure), with all three H value being above 0.03mm. It can be seen in the results that the theoretical plate height decreases as the wavelength…
Baking soda another common kitchen staple that is used in bread to lighten the dough but it also is a detergent helper,and one of 2 ingredient of a baking soda volcano but what is the use of it in this experiment? it's just another element i'll be adding to the slime to see what happens.…
However, the effects of the abuse on both the user?s body and his or her immediate relations continue to be a source of concern. The trade in crystal meth also perpetuates a violent and illegal underworld, which is the source of social welfare efforts to force policy makers to take a more proactive stance on the matter. As a synthetic drug, crystal meth is relatively easy to synthesize because the majority of the ingredients are acquirable legally, off the shelf.…
There are several hundred PAHs, which usually occur as complex mixtures rather than as individual compounds. Benzo (a) pyrene is the most widely studied, being one of the most potent, hence most of the data in this document refers to B(a)P, although it seldom occurs in the environment on its own. For the general public, the main route of exposure to PAHs is from inhalation of ambient and indoor air or ingestion of food. Inhalation and skin absorption are the main routes of occupational exposure. Benzo(a)pyrene is readily absorbed following inhalation, ingestion and skin exposure. Following inhalation and ingestion, B(a)P is rapidly distributed to several tissues in rats, including the kidney, small intestine, trachea, stomach, testes, liver and oesophagus.…
Chloroform also known as trichloromethane, had been in use as an anesthetic since 1861 when the American Civil War. Chloroform quickly became the favorite for military doctors because it was non-flammable and it took action quickly. Chloroform was first made in 1831 by American chemist Dr. Samuel Guthrie,whose intention was to create a cheap pesticide. It was first used as an anesthetic in 1847 by a Scottish physician named Sir James Young Simpson. Doctors were all for the use of Chloroform, but patients weren’t all too thrilled with the idea of “being put to sleep”, which caused them to hyperventilate or hold their breath and get a concentrated lungful. This could lead to cardiac arrest and death. Using Chloroform was “as safe as ice skating or…
A central nervous system depressant is known, as a benzodiazepine that is related to Rohypnol. This drug is about ten times more potent than Valium. Rohypnol is one of the many drugs, tranquilizers with the potent sedative drug of the benzodiazepine class. The medical use of rohypnol is in a pre-operation anesthetic or a very strong sleeping pill, but anything stronger can bring on amnesia. This drug takes effect 10 minutes after the medication in taking. Within a peak of eight hours the medication can have the person fully unconscious. Rohypnol can come in a tasteless and odorless pill that can be grounded into powder. This date rate drug has been connected to many different occasions of sexual assaults because this pill can act in a fast…
is added it drives the reaction to the reactant side. More nitric acid is produced, which is not a…
Is it true that carbonation and acids in soda can dissolve a T-bone pork? – http://www.todaysmodernwoman.com/Non-Alcoholic-Drinks/234090.htm…
Over many years the abuse of Heroin has been known, but now the epidemic is out of control and many are dying daily. Heroin is a substance that is synthesized from morphine, and extracted from the poppy seed plant. The opium poppy has been refined for more than five thousand years for a variety of medicinal uses. When heroin was first created it was used as a cough syrup and pain killer. At first people believe it would help with morphine and opium addiction but then doctors realized people were becoming addicted to heroin. Heroin was first synthesized in 1874, and then marketed by the Beyer Company in Germany in 1898 until 1910. Beyer exported Heroin to more that 23 countries in 1899. In 1914 the Harrison Act was passed, and it was the aggressively enforced that all Physicians, who were prescribing drugs to addicts would be punished. Between 1915 and 1938 over five thousand physicians were found guilt for violating the Harrison Act. The modern drug war started in the 1960s and continues today with no success in combating the epidemic on drugs.…
Clonidine: This medication is a generic drug used to treat high blood pressure, but it has also been shown effective in treating opiate withdrawal symptoms.●Naltrexone: This drug also blocks the ability of an opiate to affect receptors in the brain●Naltrexone: This drug also blocks the ability of an opiate to affect receptors in the brain. It can be beneficial in preventing relapse, though it has little effect on withdrawal symptoms and therefore should not be used during the withdrawal process, but rather as a safeguard against further use of…
The medication is commonly used to for the treatment of allergies coming from the environment, insect bites or stings, and even as a pre-treatment for possible vaccine reactions. It can also help relieve watery eyes and runny nose. In addition, Benadryl for dogs has been proven effective to prevent motion sickness and also acts as a mild sedative. Though it is not yet approved by the Food and Drug Administration to be used in animals, it is considered safe by many vets as long as it is used correctly.…
Acetic acid – Formed when airborne bacteria interacts with fermented products (beer, wine, etc.). It is what makes vinegar sour to the taste.…