Psychology of People towards Various Fitness Activities and its Impact

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Study on Psychology of People towards Various Fitness Activities and its Impact

Submitted By -
Pradeep Kaky 106
Prathik Ramachandran 108
Priyam Sinha 110
Riddhi Banerjee 119
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Physical fitness is the most prominent factor for both mental and physical health. Many start it for recreation or fun and it ends up being a boon for the health of a person.
This paper is basically to study and measure how conscious and determined the youth are in maintaining their health and how well they are focused on adapting to various habits to maintain their health. Due to rate of increase of major health problems among youngsters because of their food habits, stress levels and lack of physical work, health maintenance becomes vital for the people. Different ways people adapt to maintain their health are exercising, workout at gym, practicing yoga, timely food consumption.
In order to cope up with stress and pressure in the future, students with health consciousness choose different choices like working out in gym, swimming, exercising, practicing yoga, having organic food for maintaining their fitness. They aim to maintain their physical as well as their mental health, so they can go with more than one for maintaining their fitness. It is relevant to conduct a research on what choice they are preferring and how determined they are in facilitating their decision

TABLE OF CONTENTS
No
TOPIC
PAGE NO
1
INTRODUCTION
4
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
10
3
METHODOLOGY
12
4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
15
5
CONCLUSION
23
6
REFERENCES
24
7
APPENDIX
25

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness, overall health, wellness and personality. People engage in different physical activities for various reasons like:-
Strengthening muscles.
Better cardiovascular system.
Honing athletic skills.
Weight loss and staying in better shape.
Entertainment.
Avoiding various diseases like- diabetes, blood-pressure, cholesterol, heart diseases, memory disorders, shortening of life span, obesity

Health care providers often call exercise the “MIRACLE ’’ or “WONDER-DRUG ’’ alluding to the wide variety of proven benefits that it provides.
Some of the basic physical exercises prevalently practiced are :-
Jogging/walking
Gym
Yoga
Swimming

Jogging/walking is a form of trotting or running at a slow or leisure pace of less than 10km/hr. The main intention is to increase physical fitness with less stress on the body than from faster running. According to a study by Stanford University School Of Medicine, jogging is effective in increasing human lifespan, and decreasing the effects of ageing with benefits of cardiovascular system. It is also useful for fighting obesity and staying healthy.
Gym or a health club or a fitness club is a place where exercise equipments are available for the purpose of physical exercise. Its mostly used to keep in shape for a better personality and body muscles enhancement and flexibility.
Yoga on the physical level includes various yoga postures, called asanas, which are designed to tone, strengthen, and align the body. These postures are performed to make the spine supple and healthy and to promote blood flow to all the organs, glands, and tissues, keeping all the bodily systems healthy. On the mental level, yoga uses breathing techniques (pranayama ) and meditation (dyana ) to quiet, clarify, and discipline the mind.
Swimming is primarily a cardiovascular aerobic exercise, due to the long exercise time, requiring a constant oxygen supply to the muscles, except for short sprints where the muscles work anaerobically. As with most aerobic exercise, swimming is believed to reduce the harmful effects of stress. Swimming can also improve posture. It helps long life.
Risks of sedentary life-style:-
Diabetes.
Blood pressure (high/low)
Cholesterol.
Heart diseases.
Memory disorders.
Shortening of life span.

Scientific studies on model animals and even clinical studies have proven from few decades the benefits of exercise on health, for example: - 45 min daily walk at regular speed can prevent diabetes and knee problems, even can control blood pressure. It’s a proven fact that morning walk on dew is good for diabetes and eyes. Exercise helps in muscle building by increasing the vascularisation of muscles and blood vessels.
Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and schizophrenia are three most dangerous neural diseases in mankind. The threats to these diseases are increasing day by day. But studies have shown that exercise; particularly swimming and even running can prevent the onset of the disease.

1.1 PHYSICAL FITNESS & ITS INFLUENCE
Physical activity is defined as any body movement produced by skeletal muscles resulting in a substantial increase in energy expenditure, while physical fitness is a set of attributes related to people 's ability to perform physical work. This is important from a health point of view. Physical fitness measured as cardio respiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake) is positively related to improved health in general and prevention of cardiovascular diseases in particular. Today, in this fast moving world, people are obsessed so much with their work. This may keep them busy and sometimes they even sacrifice the need to stay fit and healthy. So many changes occur in the food habits and the fitness of the people. Fatigue, less-nutrient intake, junk food, obesity, lack of energy etc are very common to people nowadays because of their hectic work schedule. That is the main reason why people are giving more importance to physical fitness than ever before. They have come to know the importance of living a healthy life and it is directly related to physical fitness. Hence, there are so many options which are available to the people to get indulged in a physical activity. Some of them include hitting the gym, aerobics, yoga, jogging, walking, cycling and many more.

Psychology researchers, in particular, have used qualitative methodologies in an attempt to gain a greater understanding of the subjective experience of the athletes (e.g., Gould, Eklund, & Jackson, 1992; Munroe, Giacobbi, Hall, & Weinberg, 2000; Scanlan, Stein, & Ravizza, 1989). Researchers have been encouraged to use this wealth of information in developing scales for psychometric analysis while consultants have been encouraged to develop more effective interventions. Exercise psychologists have also employed qualitative methodologies in their investigations (e.g., Gauvin, 1990; Golberg, 1992; Whaley & Ebbeck, 1997). Central to the definition of physical activity is movement (Bouchard & Sheppard, 1994). In exercise psychology research, qualitative methods such as in-depth interviews could help establish whether more frequent exercisers have a rich more accurate understanding of their exercise injuries than do less frequent exercisers.

People especially youngsters in age of 18-27 have lot of reasons to stay fit. This is the most important period of one’s life and many young adults will start giving more importance to their health. A good heart, ideal weight, correct BMI, a well toned body, an overall healthy habits start at this age. Too much of excess food will make the youngsters obese at young age and this will make it difficult for them to come back to normal weight at later stage. Similarly, youngsters who have less nutritious food and indulge in bad food habits like consuming too much of junk food or too less of healthy food accompanied with an improper physical exercise, will develop a poor immune system. Lack of exercise will lead to many problems for the youngsters. This includes being socially inactive, stress related issues, laziness, mentally not confident and many other problems.

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study is to measure how conscious and determined the youth are in maintaining their health and how well they are focused on adapting to various habits to maintain their health. Due to rate of increase of major health problems among youngsters because of their food habits, stress levels and lack of physical work, health maintenance becomes vital for the people. Different ways people adapt to maintain their health are exercising, workout at gym, practicing yoga, timely food consumption. Basically for this project, the data will be taken from secondary sources, and students studying MBA at Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship.
1.3 RESEARCH GAP
In order to cope up with stress and pressure in the future, students with health consciousness choose different choices like working out in gym, swimming, exercising, practicing yoga, having organic food for maintaining their fitness. They aim to maintain their physical as well as their mental health, so they can go with more than one for maintaining their fitness. It is relevant to conduct a research on what choice they are preferring and how determined they are in facilitating their decision

1.4 OBJECTIVES
The main objectives for this study are:
1. To identify different ways people are being undertaken to maintain their health and fitness.
2. To classify and measure how determined are they in adapting the chosen way for maintaining their health.
3. To find out how differently men and women are in their selection of choice.
4. To find out the reasons for choosing the preferred choice for maintaining their health.

1.5 SECONDARY RESEARCH ANALYSIS ON PHYSICAL FITNESS
Table 1:
Average number of days participation in the last four weeks
All adults
16 – 24
25 - 34
35 – 44
45 - 54
55 – 64
MEN

Heavy housework
2.2
1.5
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.3
Heavy manual/ Gardening
1.3
0.5
0.9
1.4
1.6
1.6
Walking
6.8
9.9
8.7
7.3
6.3
5.6
Sports and Exercise
6.8
12.5
9.5
7.2
5.5
3.8
Any physical Activity
13.9
18.7
17.1
14.8
13.2
11.2
Base
6,748
772
953
1,220
1,098
1,183
WOMEN

Heavy Housework
3.6
2.7
4.4
4.4
3.9
4.2
Heavy Manual/ Gardening
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.8
Walking
5.8
7.4
7.0
7.1
6.4
5.4
Sports and Exercise
4.9
7.6
6.3
5.5
4.8
3.9
Any physical Activity
12.2
14.6
14.4
14.2
13.0
11.7
Base
8,334
918
1,220
1,512
1,371
1,367

(Source: Joint Health Surveys Unit (2010). Health Survey for England 2008: Physical activity and fitness. The Information Centre: Leeds (accessed on 11-feb-2013 at 19:45)
Figure 1: Average Number of days participating in Physical Activity in last four weeks, by Age and Sex, England 2008 [5]

(Source: Joint Health Surveys Unit (2010). Health Survey for England 2008: Physical activity and fitness. The Information Centre: Leeds (accessed on 11-feb-2013 at 19:45)

Table 2:

General
Population
(%)
Black
Caribbean (%)
Black
African (%)
Indian(%)
Pakistani (%)
Bangladeshi
(%)
Chinese
(%)
Irish
(%)
MEN

Meeting recommendations
37
37
35
30
28
26
30
39
Some activity
31
29
30
26
21
23
32
28
Low activity
32
34
35
44
51
51
38
33
Base
2,873
409
386
549
429
408
348
497
WOMEN

Meeting recommendations
25
31
29
23
14
11
17
29
Some activity
36
30
28
32
34
21
36
38
Low activity
39
39
43
45
52
68
47
33
Base
3,818
648
467
634
508
477
375
656

(Source: Joint Health Surveys Unit (2010). Health Survey for England 2008: Physical activity and fitness. The Information Centre: Leeds (accessed on 11-feb-2013 at 19:45)
Figure 2: Self-reported percentage of adults meeting physical activity recommendations, by sex and ethnic group, England 2004 [6]

(Source: Joint Health Surveys Unit (2010). Health Survey for England 2008: Physical activity and fitness. The Information Centre: Leeds (accessed on 11-feb-2013 at 19:45)

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
A study was conducted by Hasmukh Adhia, H R Nagendra and B Mahadevan on “Impact of Adoption of Yoga Way of Life on the Reduction of Job Burnout of Managers”(2010)[1]. An experiment was conducted to collect data and test the hypothesis in manufacturing units. The results show that adoption of the Yoga way of life can significantly reduce the job burnout of managers. The paper also provides an explanation of the mechanism of how this happens.
Another study on “Psychosocial correlates and outcomes of yoga or walking among older adults”(2009)[2] was conducted by Kraemer, Jennifer M. Marquez and David X . The authors’ primary aim was to compare changes in the psychosocial outcomes of mood and state anxiety produced by an acute bout of yoga or walking among older adults. Participants were 51 adults who were 50 years of age or older who walked for exercise or participated in a yoga class. Results revealed that yoga participants had significantly greater levels of depression and perceived barriers to exercise, and lower quality of life than did walkers.
“Paying Not to Go to the Gym”(2006) – this was a study conducted by Stefano Dellavigna and Ulrike Malmendier [3] on three U.S. health clubs with information on both the contractual choice and the day-to-day attendance decisions of 7,752 members over three years. The observed consumer behaviour was difficult to reconcile with standard preferences and beliefs. First, members who choose a contract with a flat monthly fee of over $70 attend on average 4.3 times per month. They paid a price per expected visit of more than $17, even though they could pay $10 per visit using a 10-visit pass. On average, these users forgo savings of $600 during their membership. Second, consumers who choose a monthly contract are 17 percent were more likely to stay enrolled beyond one year than users committing for a year. This was surprising because monthly members paid higher fees for the option to cancel each month.
Hatziandreu, Jeffrey p. koplan, Milton C. Weinstein, Carl J. Caspersen and Kenneth E. Warner conducted a study on “A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Exercise as a Health Promotion Activity”[4]. They used cost-effectiveness analysis to estimate the health and economic implications of exercise in preventing coronary heart disease (CHD). They assumed that non exercisers had a relative risk of 2,0 for a CHD event. Two hypothetical cohorts {one with exercise and the other without exercise) of 1,000 35-year 'Old men were followed for 30 years to observe differences in the number of CHD events, life expectancy, and quality-adjusted life expectancy. They used jogging as an example to calculate cost, injury rates, adherence, and the value of time spent. Both direct and indirect costs associated with exercise, injury, and treating CHD were considered.
A study to examine the independent associations of vigorous and non vigorous physical activity with longevity was conducted by I-Min Lee, Chung-cheng Hsieh and Ralph S. Paffenbarger (1995) which showed an inverse relationship between total physical activity and mortality. Further it also showed that vigorous activities but not non vigorous activities were associated with longevity.

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
Sampling plan specifies how to frame samples from the population of the data. Sampling method should be decided based on the characteristics of the population. Our extracted sample must efficiently represent the population of our data. There are different techniques for constructing samples. This process should be done properly so that we can have a minimal sampling error.

Population Size :
Population under consideration is students of XIME. The age group of the students we are considering is 19 – 30 years. Total strength of both the batches 17 and 18 is 360. Our sample size should be in a manner such that it represents the population expeditiously.

Sample Size :
Sample size is computed using sample calculator available at www.raosoft.com. The following conditions are considered to arrive at appropriate sample size for our study [7].
Sampling error – 10%
Confidence Level – 95%
Population Size – 360
Response Distribution – 50%
The sample size obtained is 76. This specified size is the minimum recommended size of our survey. Because of this sample size the margin of error in worst case may be 8.34%.
The population size under consideration is varied and has people from 23 states of India. Considering this sample size and characteristics of population, it is relevant to perform systematic or simple random sampling. We are adopting systematic sampling as the population is distributed randomly. There are many varying factors like differences in hometown location, food habits, ethnicity and gender. Systematic sampling method will be helpful for us getting data from individuals with distinct characteristics.

CHAPTER 4 : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Uni Variant Analysis Representation Of Data :

Our sample size was 76 out of which 35 were male and 41 were females. In the analysis we found that 55% of male respondents choose that they involved in some kind of physical activity. Compared to that, females’ numbers reached only 45% of the total sample size who choose that they involved in some kind of physical activity.

Similarly, out of the total population who was not involved in any kind of fitness activity, females were 64% and males were just 36%.

We also tried to find a comparison between the respondents’ place of origin and their involvement in some kind of fitness activity. We found that people who belonged to villages, out of 4, 1 was involved in some kind of fitness activity. Similarly for town and city, 7 out of 20 and 13 out of 30 were doing some kind of fitness activity. For metros, out of 22, 19 were regularly involved in some fitness activity.

Among males who said yes, the maximum number was involved in sports (55%), followed by gym (23%) and then jogging and walking (18%), and at last yoga (4%).

Among females who said yes, the maximum number was involved in sports again (42%) followed by equal number in jogging and yoga (21%). The least share was involved in gym (16%).

Factor Analysis for finding the reasons for choosing the fitness activity :[APPENDIX 1.1}
Inferences from Factor Analysis test :
We performed factor analysis based on responses of the 41 respondents, who responded that they indulged in some fitness activity in their life( since only 41 from 76 respondents replayed that they were indulged in some fitness activity). Out of 10 reasons we framed, we could reduce them to 4 major factors using factor analysis. And each factor has been framed by choosing a component which has value greater than or equal to 0.6. The 4 major factors collectively contribute to 74.77% of the variance the dependent variables are experiencing.
We named the four major factors as follows:-
Factor 1: Social Influence (social standard, peer group influence, attract opposite sex)
Factor 2: Perceived consciousness (health consciousness, not to get rid of boredom, precautionary measure)
Factor 3: Mental recreation or Mental health (stress control, recreation or fun)
Factor 4: Professional requirement (professional requirement)
Chi – Square Analysis to represent relation between Place of origin and Indulgence in fitness activity: [APPENDIX 1.2]

Inferences from the chi – square analysis test :

We performed chi – square analysis test based on the responses generated from 76 respondents, to know relation between Place of Origin and Indulgence in fitness activity. We got a chi – square value of 14.80 and significance value of 0.002, which is much lower than 0.05( value of alpha). We assumed a 95% confidence level for performing our test.

Our hypothesis are as follows :

Null Hypothesis, N0 : There is no relation between dependent and independent variables( we should accept this hypothesis and state that there is a relation between place of origin and indulgence in fitness activity)
Alternate Hypothesis, N1 : There is no relation between dependent and independent variables(place of origin and indulgence in fitness activity)
We should accept Null Hypothesis if significance value is greater than 0.05(value of alpha). We should reject Null hypothesis and accept Alternate Hypothesis if significance is less than 0.05(value of alpha). In this case as our significance is less alpha, we should reject Null Hypothesis and accept Alternate Hypothesis.
In this case, dependent and independent variables are as follows:
Dependent variable : Place Of Origin
Independent variable : Indulgence in fitness activity

ANOVA analysis to represent the relation between Age group and their Time spent on Fitness activity per day[APPENDIX 1.3]
Inferences from ANOVA Analysis testing :
We performed ANOVA Analysis test on our sample of 40 who choose yes for indulging in some fitness activity. We performed this ANOVA to compare means of the time spend by different age groups on fitness activity.
Let n1 = mean time spent by19-22, n2 = mean time spent by 23 - 26, n3 = mean time spent 27-30.
Null Hypothesis, N0 : n1 = n2 = n3, this illustrate that there is no relation between dependent and independent variables
Alternate Hypothesis, N1 : n1!=n2!=n3, this illustrate that there is relation between dependent and independent variables
Dependent variable : Time spent on fitness activity per day
Independent variable : Age group
By assuming 90% confidence level, we get alpha as 0.1, and as significance level (0.077) is less than alpha, we can reject Null Hypothesis and accept Alternate Hypothesis, which means that age groups affect the mean time spend by people who involve in fitness activity.

Bar chart showing relationship Annual Household Income and Influencing factor for taking up fitness activity

Chi square analysis to deduct relation between annual household income and primary influence for indulging fitness activity: [APPENDIX 1.4]

Inferences from the above Chi square analysis test :
We performed a chi square analysis test on the 40 respondents who choose yes for whether they indulge in any fitness activity.
Dependent variable : Influencing factor to take up fitness activity
Independent variable : Annual household income
Null Hypothesis, N0 - There is no relation between dependent and independent variables(should accept only if significance is greater than alpha)
Alternate Hypothesis, N1 – There is relation between dependent and independent variable(should accept only if significance is less than alpha)
Here, significance = 0.00, alpha = 0.05. Hence, by assuming 90% confidence level, reject Null Hypothesis and accept Alternate Hypothesis .

Chi square analysis to deduct relation between following diet chart in your food and reason for quitting fitness activity:[APPENDIX 1.5] Bar chart showing relation between the regularity of following diet chart routine and reason for quitting fitness activity
Inferences from Chi Square Analysis performed above : We performed a Chi Square analysis on the respondents who responded “No” for whether they indulged in any fitness activity.
We are assuming 90% confidence level for our analysis
Dependent Variable : Reason for quitting fitness activity
Independent Variable : Regularity for following diet chart routine
Null Hypothesis, N0 : There is no relation between dependent and independent variables(if significance is greater than alpha, we should accept this Hypothesis)
Alternate Hypothesis, N1 : There is a relation between dependent and independent variables( if significance is less than alpha , we will accept this Hypothesis)
Here alpha = 0,1, significance = 0.080: Hence we reject Null Hypothesis and accept Alternate Hypothesis. We infer that there is a relation between dependent and independent variables i.e reason for quitting and regularity of following diet chart

CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSION
There are different ways in which people try to remain fit and healthy. Some prefer to do this by taking up different fitness exercises like sports and jogging/walking. Others take up yoga or gym. While some others try to remain fit and healthy by following a particular diet chart.
We found that four major factors affect a person’s choice of any fitness activity are Social Influence (social standard, peer group influence, attract opposite sex), Perceived consciousness (health consciousness, not to get rid of boredom, Precautionary measure), Mental recreation or Mental health (stress control, recreation or fun), Professional requirement (professional requirement).
We found that place of origin plays an important role in performing any fitness activity by a person. Our study found that Males were actively choosing fitness activity than Female.
We also found that men and women are different in choosing their fitness exercises. Men are more inclined towards sports and gym whereas women are more inclined towards sports, yoga and jogging.
We found that there is relation between people quitting fitness activity and their chart routine followed for food.
We found that there is a relationship in the age group and how determined they are in performing fitness activity.

CHAPTER 6 : REFERENCES
[1] Impact of Adoption of Yoga Way of Life on the Reduction of Job Burnout of Managers (2010)- http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail (accessed on 10- feb-2013 at 6:00).
[2] Psychosocial correlates and outcomes of yoga or walking among older adults (2009)- http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail (accessed on 10- feb-2013 at 17:30).
[3] Paying Not to Go to the Gym(2006)- http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer (accessed on 10-feb-2013 at 18:30).
[4] A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Exercise as a Health Promotion Activity(1988)- http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer (accessed on 11-feb-2013 at 20:15).
[5] Joint Health Surveys Unit (2010). Health Survey for England 2008: Physical activity and fitness. The Information Centre: Leeds (accessed on 11-feb-2013 at 21:00).

[6] Joint Health Surveys Unit (2006). Health Survey for England 2004: Health of Ethnic Minorities. The Information Centre: Leeds (accessed on 11-feb-2013 at 19:45).

[7] www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html (accessed on 12-feb-2013 at 15:30).

APPENDIX
APPENDIX 1.0 : QUESTIONAIRE
SECTION:1
1. Age
a. 19-22
b. 23-26
c. 27-30

2. Gender
a. Male
b. Female

3. Place of Origin
a. Village
b. Town
c. City
d. Metro

4. Annual H.H. Income (in lakhs) (Optional)
a) 12

5. Relationship Status
a. Single
b. Committed
c. Married

6. How regularly do you able to follow the diet chart
a. Everyday
b. Mostly
c. Rarely
d. Never

SECTION A:

*Do you indulge in any fitness activity ? (Star marked question)
a. Yes
b. No
If Yes,
1. In what ways you exercise to keep yourself fit?
a. Jogging/Walking
b. Gym
c. Yoga
d. Sports
e. Others(specify)

2. Reason for choosing the Fitness Activity :
Circle your choice on a scale of 1 to 5: 1 = Lowest, 5 = Highest

a. Body Fitness 1 2 3 4 5
b. Stress Control 1 2 3 4 5
c. Health Consciousness 1 2 3 4 5
d. To get rid out of boredom/free time 1 2 3 4 5
e. Profession Requirement (Airhostess, Army etc) 1 2 3 4 5
f. Social Standard 1 2 3 4 5
g. Precautionary Measures (fear of diabetes, obesity etc) 1 2 3 4 5
h. Recreation/Fun 1 2 3 4 5
i. Peer group influence 1 2 3 4 5
j. Attract opposite sex 1 2 3 4 5

3. Who/What influenced you to take up fitness activity?
a. Family member
b. Friend/Peer Group
c. Movies/Celebrities
d. Some other factor ( Specify)

4. How frequent are you in performing your fitness activity?
a. Once in a week
b. Twice in a week
c. 3 – 5 times per week
d. Everyday

5. How long do you exercise per day?
a.

References: [1] Impact of Adoption of Yoga Way of Life on the Reduction of Job Burnout of Managers (2010)- http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail (accessed on 10- feb-2013 at 6:00). [2] Psychosocial correlates and outcomes of yoga or walking among older adults (2009)- http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail (accessed on 10- feb-2013 at 17:30). [3] Paying Not to Go to the Gym(2006)- http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer (accessed on 10-feb-2013 at 18:30). [4] A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Exercise as a Health Promotion Activity(1988)- http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer (accessed on 11-feb-2013 at 20:15). [5] Joint Health Surveys Unit (2010). Health Survey for England 2008: Physical activity and fitness. The Information Centre: Leeds (accessed on 11-feb-2013 at 21:00). [6] Joint Health Surveys Unit (2006). Health Survey for England 2004: Health of Ethnic Minorities. The Information Centre: Leeds (accessed on 11-feb-2013 at 19:45).