Ps Paper
SOLAR POWERED DC WATER PUMP
A Project Paper
Presented to the Faculty of
Electrical Engineering Department
ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Manila
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science
Major in Electrical Engineering
BAUZON, KERVIN
BIGAY, AR-JAY
DALUMPINES, DAVE MARK M.
DELA CRUZ, ENGRED T.
LOPEZ, JOHN LESTER P.
Co-Author: Mr. LemuelMaghuyop
MARCH 2012 ii APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering, this project entitled “(Solar Powered DC water pump)” has been prepared and submitted by the following students:
BAUZON, KERVIN
BIGAY, AR-JAY
DALUMPINES, DAVE MARK M.
DELA CRUZ, ENGRED T.
LOPEZ, JOHN LESTER P.
Who are hereby recommended for oral examination?
Approved by the committee on oral examination with a grade of: ___
________________________
Engr. Efren Del Rosario,PEE
_________________________ ________________________
Engr. RemeoFernandez, REE Engr. Jeffrey Landicho, REE
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the subject Project Study 2 Lab.
______________________________
Engr. VirgilioLeoncio B. Lomotan
ADVISER
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thank you to our Almighty God, for giving us the knowledge and wisdom, without you Lord, we could not do it, we owe the strength to perform our tasks well on making this project once again thank you.
To our family who gives all the support when we are in need, for having them as inspiration to fulfill our dreams and goals, and for their continuous prayer to keep us on track. We also give thanks to our beloved professors and staff of the Electrical Engineering Department especially to our respected chairperson Engr. VirgilioLeoncio B. Lomotan, for having patience to all of us students and for giving us courage, wisdom and the support to make this project complete and toMr. LemuelMaghuyop for motivation, encouragement and sharing greatest ideas about this project.
And to our friends and classmates, we thankful for having you in our lives. We will keep each other’s memory through good times and bad times.
Finally, to our beloved alma mater the Adamson University, we will values the good teaching and share it to others.
GOD BLESS US ALL.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of Contents iv
Abstract v
CHAPTER Page
1 THE PROJECT AND ITS SETTING 2.1 Introduction 1 2.2 Background of the Study 2 2.3 Objectives 5 2.4 Scope and Delimitation of the Study 5 2.5 Significance of the Study 6
CHAPTER
2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 3.6 Review of Conceptual Literature 7 3.7 Review of Research Literature 13 3.8 Conceptual Framework 15
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CHAPTER
3 OPERATINAL FRAMEWORK 4.9 Project Design 17 4.10 Project Development 22 4.11 Evaluation and Validation Criteria 25
CHAPTER
4 PRESENTATION OF THE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 4.1 Technical Feasibility 27 4.2 Operational Feasibility 33 4.3 Economic Feasibility 34 4.4 Schedule Feasibility 37
CHAPTER
5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Summary of findings 38 5.2 Conclusion 39 5.3 Recommendation 40
REFERENCES 42
APPENDICES
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ABSTRACT
Pumps are used to lift and transport the water for variety of purposes. An early application includes the use of the wind and hands pumps, but their applications are very limited and not reliable. Later pumps are became operated through the use of diesel fuel.But due to rising fuel prices, the cost of spare parts maintenance, transportation of fuel to the systems location and the noise and pollution they cause,the solar application made economic sense in early 90s and was developed and reached technological maturity and as of today they are successfully tested and used in various countries as an economical alternative to the widely used diesel-operated and electric pumps.
In the Philippines solar energy are now developed and promoted as an alternative solution for a high consumption of diesel fuel as well as electricity. Due to this, we are able to come up with the idea to develop a locally made solar powered dc water pump. The electric energy is produced by a set of PV modules during daytime. This renewable, cost-free energy powers the 12 V water pump is using a DC motor, charge controller and a battery system attached so that it can also run at night. The whole system operates automatically.Providing a stable water supply is at the core to ensure good living conditions as well as the framework for successful business and agricultural development.
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INTRODUCTION
Solar water pumps are used throughout the world for a number of innovative applications. If you are in a remote area and the cost of running traditional water piping is cost prohibitive, a solar water pump may be the right solution for your water supply needs. Solar water pumping systems are used to pump water for livestock, crop and flood irrigation, and even for simple domestic water supply where a home or town is remote and off the water pipeline.
It is possible to connect the pump leads directly to the output terminals of the solar module but using a battery system is more reliable because there are times that solar output is too low. Each residential-size solar module will produce a fairly constant 12-volts output at almost any level of sunlight.As the voltage is increased, pump rotation and water pumping is increased as long as enough current is available. During less than ideal solar periods, the current output of the solar module can be below the amp draw required for the pump to begin pumping. A solar pump controller will convert any excess voltage of the solar array to more output current.
The resulting lower voltage will not provide the normal flow output from the slower turning pump, but it will allow reduced flow during those hours the pump will normally be stalled.
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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Water pumps are very essential throughout society for a variety of purposes since the Egyptians invented the “shadoof” in 200BC and development was seen in 1800(www.worldpumps.com).They are many kinds of water pumps but the common types of water pump are handy-powered, diesel-powered, and the electrically powered water pumps. An early application includes the use of the water mill to pump water. Today, the pump is used for irrigation, water supply, gasoline supply, air conditioning systems, and refrigeration (usually called a compressor). Historically pumping from off-grid areas has been predominantly achieved with wind pumps. Wind pumps have a long service liferequire no non-renewable fuel, require basic skills but are work intensive to maintain, and have a well develop service infrastructure. Wind pump systems are however not simple to install and require larger water storage.
Diesel water pumps became more attractive during the second half of the twentieth century with the development of the fuel supply infrastructure and the technology to allow diesel driven engines to pump from boreholes. Diesel pumps have the advantage of pumping water on demand (predictability), also in varying daily capacity, depending on the operating times and over high heads. Diesel engines have a fairly low capital cost. On the down side the diesel pumping system relies on fuel and is therefore “at the mercy” of fuel cost variations and exchange rate fluctuations. Furthermore diesel engines require regular maintenance, linked to the hours of operation and have a fairly short life expectancy (highly dependent on the level of maintenance, the operating conditions and the quality of the engine and the installation). It is quite common to find wind and diesel pumping combinations where either a diesel engine can be used to drive the reciprocating pump or where a diesel generator can be used to drive a submersible pump (fitted underneath the wind pump cylinder) to back up the water supply during low wind period or wind pump maintenance. Hand pumps are used for pumping from boreholes in particular in the communal areas. These are rugged devices which require no non-renewable fuel, are easy to maintain and have low capital cost. They are however limited in terms of the pumping volumes and depth of installation. Solar powered water pumps were first introduced for water provision in off-grid areas about 25 years ago.
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The technology has developed around many different designs and in some PV water pumps (PVP) the reliability and maintenance requirements have improved over the initial PVPs introduced to the market. PVPs are easy to install, require no non-renewable energy, operate autonomously and are generally “good” for the sustainability of boreholes due to their low extraction volumes spread over eight to ten hours a day. Since 90s solar pumps have been developed and reached technological maturity. They are successfully tested and used for many years in various part of the world. Despite their higher initial cost the initial capital cost of PVPs is high due to the cost of the photovoltaic modules. The maintenance requirements of PVPs differ and range between annual and five year maintenance intervals. Solar-operated pumps are an economical alternative to the widely used diesel-operated pumps. This study, which is assessing the viability of replacing diesel pumps with solar PV water pumps for this are being offered and will be discussed in this study.
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OBJECTIVES
General Objectives:
The main objective of this research study is to develop a locally made Solar Powered DC water pump:
Specific Objectives: * To produce a cheaper and locally made and develop solar powered water pumps * To replace diesel fuel-powered water pumps for crop irrigation * To pump and supply water to remote areas * To promote the use renewable energy
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
The study is basically concerned with the design of constructing a solar-powered dc water pump that are economically viable .However this project is operated in 12 Vdc source and the maximum flow rate is at 6 in3/min and it can pump water at the depth of 6m. The availability of sunlight and source of water may vary on the location and changes of the weather.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will give the benefits to the following:
Community
It will provide a stable water supply at the core to ensure good living conditions as well as the framework for successful business and agricultural development.
Environment
It will provide clean, cheap and sustainable energy source
Local Government
It will provide an alternative source of power that replace diesel-fuel source that are cheaper, less maintenance and economic viable.
Students/Researchers
It will establish necessary information and insights for the future solar project development.
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CHAPTER 2
Theoretical Framework This chapter presents various related literature and studies relative to the utilization of solar energy where this project study was anchored. This includes also the conceptual framework and its corresponding paradigms.
Review of Conceptual Literature This review contains information about the study of the utilization of solar energy as an alternative power source. This also discusses its history and its development.
Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the sun that has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar radiation along with other resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass account for most of the available renewable energy on Earth. (wikipedia.org/wiki/solar_energy).
Greeks made use of the solar energy for growing vegetables in greenhouses. Many other early civilizations such as the Chinese, Anasazi and Pueblo used solar energy for heating like the Greeks and Romans. They worked together to make use of solar energy over 2000 years ago. The Greeks were the first people to use solar energy to warm buildings. They found that by constructing their homes and buildings in a certain way they could make use of the sun during winter. While it may have been difficult for these ancient people to understand solar energy, entire cities was built this way in 400 BC.
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The Greeks wrote the first account of solar energy in the fourth century BC when low fuel supplies from the Middle East occurred. They discovered the best way to get the sunlight was to face the main rooms south while the north side of the buildings would be shielded from the cold winds. They added eaves to the roof providing the shade for the southern windows in summer. In 212 BC Archimedes allegedly used solar energy to "reduce the Roman navy (which was attacking Syracuse) to ashes" by having soldiers, reflect sunlight off their shields toward Roman sails. (http://www.uccs.edu/~energy/course/160lectures/solhist.htm)
The Romans used sun one word for central heating and to heat water in their large central baths quickly, as the burning of wood was consuming forests around Rome. The Greeks discovered and introduced glass in the first century AD. Dark colored pottery was used to store goods and therefore increase thermal energy. (http://www.uccs.edu/~energy/course/160lectures/solhist.htm)
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The Romans depended on sunlight more than the Greeks as solar energy was used to allow the Romans to enjoy their fruits and vegetables they brought back from the Middle East or Africa. The Romans were able to grow a variety of fruit and vegetables by controlling the climate by either covering the glass houses or leaving them open to the sun.
(http://www.annesley.sa.edu.au/amep/energyconservation_solarenergy/history.htm).
In 1838, Edmund Becquecrel observed and published findings about the nature of materials to turn light into energy. They were considered interesting, but were not pursued. In 1860 – 1881, AugusteMouchout was the first man to patent a design for a motor running on solar energy. Receiving funds from the French monarch, he designed a device that turned solar energy into mechanical steam power and soon operated the first steam engine. He later connected the steam engine to a refrigeration device, illustrating that the sun’s rays can be utilized to make ice. His ground breaking research was cut short though. The French renegotiated a cheaper deal with England for the supply of coal and improved their transportation system for the delivery thereof. Mouchout’s work towards finding an alternative was no longer considered a priority and he no longer received any funding from the monarch. In 1876 – 1878, William Adams wrote the first book about Solar Energy called: A Substitute for Fuel in Tropical Countries. Him and his student Richard Day experimented with the use of mirrors and were able to power a 2.5 horsepower steam engine. Much bigger than the Mouchout’s 0.5 horsepowered steam engine. His design, known as the Power Tower concept, is still in use today. In 1868 – 1888, John Ericson, an American immigrant from Sweden wrote these powerful words: “A couple of thousand years dropped in the ocean of time will completely exhaust the coal fields of Europe, unless, in the meantime, the heat of the sun is employed”. He dismissed Mouchout’s work and also developed a solar powered steam engine, very similar in design to Mouchout’s.
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Solar energy history continues into the 20th century. In 1954 – 1991, Calvin Fuller, Gerald Pearson and Daryl Chaplin of Bell Laboratories accidentally discovered the use of silicon as a semi-conductor, which led to the construction of a solar panel with an efficiency rate of 6%. A Los Angeles based company called Luz Corporation produced 95% of the world’s solar-based electricity. They were forced to shut their doors after investor withdrew from the project as the price of non-renewable fossils fuels declined and the future of state and federal incentives were not likely. The chairman of the board said it best: “The failure of the world’s largest solar electric company was not due to technological or business judgment failures but rather to failures of government regulatory bodies to recognize the economic and environmental benefits of solar thermal generating plants”.(Kreider et. al., 1981)
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Pumps are used to lift and transport the water to where it is needed – sometimes over substantial distances. Earlier wind and hands pumps were used, but their applications are very limited and not reliable. They cannot be transported easily and need regular maintenance of the mechanical parts. Later diesel-operated pumps came into use, but their popularity is in decline due to rising fuel prices, the cost of spare parts for maintenance, the need to transport fuel to the system’s location and the noise and pollution they cause. Since the 90’s solar pumps have been developed and reached technological maturity. They are successfully tested and used for many years in various parts of the world. Despite their higher initial cost, solar-operated pumps are an economical alternative to the widely used diesel-operated pumps. The breakeven point is usually reached after 2-4 years only.
Especially solar-operated submersible pumps have proven to be the solution for remote areas with no to the electrical grid. The electric energy is produced by a set of PV modules during daytime. This renewable, cost free energy powers the submersible pump which is controlled and optimized by a pump controller on top of the well. With a battery system attached, the pump can also run at night and provide electricity for some small lamps, a radio and a telephone charger by the side. The whole system operates automatically. It is protected by a tank float switch as well as a low water well probe.
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Review of Research Literature The study of Adonis (2007) focused on lighting system on Ligao National High School and Ligao Community College. It uses solar energy to supply power to the new lighting system to be adapted in the school buildings and premises. The energy produced by the photovoltaic cells would only supply power to the lights and does not include other appliances or equipment. The study of Lorentz (www.lorentz.de) solar pumps offer a clean and simple alternative to fuel-burning engines and generators for domestic water, livestock and irrigation. They are most effective during dry and sunny seasons. They require no fuel deliveries, and very little maintenance. Solar pumps are powered by photovoltaic (solar electric) panels and the flow rate is determined by the intensity of the sunlight. Most solar pumps operate without the use of storage batteries. A water tank provides a simple, economical means of storage. Solar pumps must be optimally selected for the task at hand, in order to minimize the power required, and thus the cost of the system. A wide variety of solar pumps is available, to meet a wide variety of needs. The purpose of this booklet is to inform Namibia’s farmers about the economic merits of solar water pumping technologies as a replacement for diesel water pumps. Against rapidly increasing diesel fuel prices, volatile livestock and crop markets and mounting threats tomaintain agricultural productivity.
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Conceptual Framework
This model shows of the conceptual framework of the study; researchers are guided by this paradigm. The idea starts of the developing and making this study. We should consider of certain components evaluation, feedback, canvassing to afford a quality management. The outcome would be assessed based on the objectives satisfy or met without any problem, the design or the study would focus on its sustainability. If ever there is a problem, it has to be planned back to the design or the technical aspects for a proper action/troubleshooting.
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* Solar Energy Concepts * Equipment and Other Hardware * Technical Expertise
INPUT
* Analysis * Planning and Designing * Evaluation * Redesigning
PROCESS
Development of a Solar-powered DC Water Pump
OUTPUT
Fig.1. Conceptual Paradigm
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CHAPTER 3
Operational Framework
This chapter deals with the project design and methods used in the development of the proposed Solar-powered water pump.
Project Design
In solar water pump applications it is crucial to accurately design and calculate the size and type of the different components. Solar water pumps are not of-the-shelf products in the Philippines. Different parameters have to be taken into consideration when designing such systems: (1) Geographic and climate data for a given area; (2) Required daily hours of application; and (3) System sizing, quantity and selection of the different components like light source, solar panels, batteries, DC motor, and solar charge controller.
The goal of the project is to retrench the budget used by the people in their expenses using water pumps. Below are the technical components of the project that must be properly sized and specified:
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Fig. 2 Operational Paradigm
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PV Module
A photovoltaic module is the basic element of each photovoltaic system. It consists of many jointly connected solar cells. According to the solar cell technology we distinguish monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous solar modules. Most commercial crystalline modules consist of 36 or of 72 cells. Solar cells are connected and placed between a tedlar plate on the bottom and a tempered glasson the top. Placed between the solar cells and the glass there is a thin usually EVA foil. Solar cells are interconnected with thin contacts on the upper side of the semiconductor material, which can be seen as a metal net on the solar cells. The net must be as thin as possible allowing a disturbance free incidence photon stream. Usually a module is framed with an aluminum frame, occasionally with a stainless steel or with a plastic frame. Special flexible modules are designed for use on boats that can be walked upon without causing any damage to the modules. The typical crystalline modules power ranges from several Watts to up to 200 W/module. Some producers produce preassembled panels with several 100 Watts. Over its estimated life a photovoltaic module will produce much more electricity then used in its production and a 100 Watt module will prevent the emission of over two tons of CO2.
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Battery Charge Controller
Solar Battery Charge Controllers prevent solar panels from overcharging the battery. When battery voltage rises to a present maximum, where the battery is completely charged, the controller automatically reduces or stops the solar charge. It prevents overcharging and may prevent against overvoltage, which can reduce battery performance or lifespan, and may pose a safety risk. It may also prevent completely draining (deep discharging) a battery, or perform controlled discharges, depending on the battery technology, to protect battery life. The terms "charge controller" or "charge regulator" may refer to either a stand-alone device, or to control circuitry integrated within a battery pack, battery-powered device, or battery recharger.
Battery
Whenever there is excess electricity generated by the photovoltaic module, an energy storage medium has to be present in order to avoid wastage of this electricity. The battery gathers all the electrical energy that is used by the load and stores it. It then becomes the source of electricity during nighttime and cloudy days.
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Brushless DC Motor Also known as electronically commutated motors are electric motors powered by direct-current (DC) electricity and having electronic commutation systems, rather than mechanical commutators and brushes. The current-to-torque and frequency-to-speed relationships of Brush less DC motors are linear.
This motor is the main part of the water pump which serves as the one make the machine functional. It uses the power gathered by the photovoltaic module and starts the machine to pump water.
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Project Development The project will be developed to provide the community with a low cost solar powered water pump. The following are the phases of the design:
Analysis of the geographic and climate data
This is the first step in designing any solar-powered project because the availability of a valid level of solar radiation will be the basis if the project is technically feasible.
Specifying systems components and parameters
Proper component sizing must be computed and provide the electrical specifications of each. Proper matching must do to increase system efficiency and minimize system failure.
Conducting economic analysis of the system
The phase will provide the comparison between diesel-poweredconnected and solar poweredconnected system in terms of each individual cost analysis.
Develop conclusions and recommendations
In this phase, conclusions are drawn and recommendations and implications are generated based on the results of computations.
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Project Design Evaluation The project will be evaluated based on its different possible aspects regarding on how it was achieved. First, is on the technical side. The design must comply with the availability of the technical resources and applications. This aspect can be done by recognizing the local suppliers and traders and considering circumstances whether in which they can provide us of the equipment and supplies needed to build the project. Otherwise, we can still have the option of having importing those abroad. And the expertise of professionals in constructing our system must also be considered. Next to be considered is its operational aspect. The design mainly depends on how it can be able to work and how it can be manipulated. Through this aspect, the success of the entire design can be tested if or not the system will tend to perform its operation. The practicality of the project in terms of time will also be evaluated. The use of time table is needed in monitoring instances that may cause the advancement or delay of the project. The financial advantage of using solar energy as contrasted to other available sources will also be evaluated. Cost comparison of the two different systems will be done.
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The successful implementation of the project against factors that may cause risk will also be considered which will be before, during and after the study.
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Evaluation Criteria
This project study will be evaluated based on the following:
Technical Feasibility is the measure of the reality of the project and the availability of technical resources and supplies.
1.1 Is the project technically practical?
Project Operational Feasibility is the measure of how precise the system will work in the society; it is also the measure of how the environment will adapt the project.
2.1. How do the users benefit in the project?
Project Economic Feasibility is the measure of the effectiveness of the cost of the project. This is also called cost benefit analysis.
3.1. Is the project effective of its cost?
Project Scheduled Feasibility is the measure of how sensible is the time table of the project.
Can the project be designed and constructed within an acceptable time period?
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CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION OF THE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
This chapter contains the presentation of the results of computations and trials made and the discussions of salient points needed in the design of a Solar Powered Water Pump.
The design of this project requires examination of the concepts of how a photo-voltaic system works and how to connect the panel, the batteries, the load, and other components together. Investigating commercially-available systems assisted in determining what equipment is required to build a complete structure. The next phase is to establish the equipment necessary to operate the system so that it would be durable and cost effective.
The design of a solar water pump system is based on system constraints and it is imperative that site consideration should be well taken into account to give the maximum possible light exposure to the modules. There should be no obstruction to light and lessen the performance of every panel and the site should be able to accommodate complete exposure to sunlight for at least 6 to 8 hours a day.
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I - Technical Feasibility
1. The Philippine Climate and Peak Sun Hours
Accurate solar resource data is important for the proper sizing and life cycle cost analysis of solar photovoltaic technologies. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of the solar resource for various tilt angles will allow for more cost effective design and operation of photovoltaic systems for meeting small, distributed loads. In the Philippines, the mean annual temperature is 27.71C (81.875F). 22.00C (71.60F) is the lowest monthly average minimum temperature (to be found in January and February) while 34.00C (93.20F) is the peak monthly average high temp to be found in the month of May.
Fig. 1. Average Annual Meteorological Data of the Philippines
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Figure 1 show that the climate of the Philippines is subject to 2105 sunshine hours annually or 5.77 hours per day. The range of hours of sunlight is from an average of 4.3 per day in July and August to 8.6 per day in April.
2. Location of the Project
The solar powered water pump will be place in an open wide farm so that the solar panel can acquire the maximum possible photovoltaic energy for the pump.
Laguna, Philippines
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Solar powered water pump will be the replacement for the diesel pump used by the farmer.
3. Choosing the battery
The battery is the storage medium of the Solar Lighting Systems which produces electricity by means of a chemical reaction. Batteries are designed to be discharged and then re-charged hundreds or thousands of times and rated in Ampere-Hours (ah). Ampere-Hour refers to the amount of current in amperes which can be supplied by the battery over the period of hours. All lead-acid batteries have a nominal output of 2 volts per cell. 12 volt lead-acid batteries are made of 6 separate cells in one case. Deep cycle battery should be used because it discharges almost 80 percent of the full load.
3.1 Calculation for charging of battery
Divide the ampere rating of the battery by the rating charge of the panel. Hour=40Ah/2.92 A =13.699
Almost 2 days, 7 hours per day when we are using 1 panel.
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6. Solar Panels The total daily energy requirements will be the basis in determining the capacity of solar panels to be used. The total computed power for this project is 55 watts. So we used 50 watts of solar panel to charge the battery.
7.Charge Controller Capacity
A Charge Controller is an electronic DC to DC converter that optimizes the match between the solar array (PV panels), and the battery bank.
Most PV panels are built to put out a nominal 12 volts. The catch is nominal. In actual fact, almost all are designed to put out from 16 to 36 volts. The problem is that a nominal 12 volt battery is pretty close to an actual 12 volts – 10.5 to 12.7 volts, depending on state of charge. Under charge, most batteries want from around 13.2 to 14.75 volts to fully charge – quite a bit different than what most panels are designed to put out.
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8. Summary of Equipment and Devices The following are the components comprising the Solar-Powered Street Lighting Systems: Light Source : sunlight Operating Voltage : 12-volt DC on the load side Solar Panel : 1 unit’s 50-watt PV module Electrical Data Ppeak watts dc : 50
Vpeak volts dc : 17.1
Ipeak amps dc : 2.92
Voc volts dc : 21.2
Isc amps dc : 3.55
Vmax system volts dc : 715 Battery : 1 unit40Ah, Lead-Acid, Deep cycle Electrical Data Voltage : 12 volts Charge Controller : 1 unit 10A, 12/24 VDC rated JC seriesCharge Controller Conductor : 4 meters 1.3 mm2 THHN Disconnecting Means : 1 unit DPST switch
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9. Schedule of Loads
Description of Load | Number of Outlet/s | Total Power | Total Current | Voltage | Switch | Conductor | Water pump motor Load | 1 | 55 W | 7.8 A | 12 VAC | 1 DPST | #16 THW |
The conductor was so selected basing on the current rating of the motor.
10. Circuit Block Diagram
Solar
Panel
DPST
Switch
Solar
Charge Controller
Battery
Water
Pump
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II-Operational Feasibility The main function of this project is to transport water. Farmers were interviewed regarding of replacing diesel pumps into solar powered pumps. The following are there answers: 1. The initial cost is big but I think we can manage to get what we invest in this project after 3-5 years. 2. We can save money in here especially these days, gasoline products are too expensive. 3. It is definitely a good project, economic and environmental friendly.
4. OUTPUT of the Project
| Charging time | Discharging time | Flow rate | Test 1 | Zero hour (new ordered battery) | 30 mins | 0.5 liter per second | Test 2 | 1 hours | 15 mins | 1 liter/sec | Test 3 | 7 hours | 1.5 hours | 1 liter/sec |
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III-Economic Feasibility A cost comparison between the condition wherein grid-connection will be used and the condition that will prevail if the proposal is implemented, thus proving that the proposal is efficient from both the economic and energy point of view.
This evaluation is imperative since the objective of this study is to reduce the cost on diesel user; the cost effectiveness of the project is presented.
1. Cost presentation of the Project Item Description | Price | Solar Panel | P 5,000.00 | Solar Charge Controller | P 1,500.00 | Water pump | P 3,400.00 | Battery | P 3,500.00 | Wire and Hose | P 250.00 | Switch | P 100.00 | Stand/case/paint | P 2000.00 | TOTAL | P 15,750.00 |
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2. Comparison between Diesel and Solar powered Water Pump
In rural and/or undeveloped areas where there is no power grid and more wateris needed than what hand or foot pumps can deliver, the choice for powering pumps is usually diesel. There are very distinct differences between the two power sources in terms of cost and reliability. Diesel pumps are typically characterized by a lower first cost but a very high operation and maintenance cost. Solar is the opposite, with a higher first cost but very low ongoing operation and maintenance costs.
In terms of reliability, it is much easier (and cheaper) to keep a solar-powered system going than it is a diesel engine. This is evident in field where diesel engines lie rusting and unused by the thousands and solar pumps sometimes run for years without anyone touching them. Solar pumping has had clear advantages for a number of years but the differences are becoming more striking in a world of rapidly escalating fuel costs.
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For prototype experiment and calculation: | Initial cost | Operating cost/year | Lifespan | Total | PVP | P16,000 | P2,000 | 5 years | P 26,000 | DP | P 5,000 | P8,460 | 5 years | P 47,300 |
In this table, the operating cost is computed base on the lifespan of the battery and for the diesel powered, the cost is just for the value of the diesel (P 47.00x180), the maintenance are not yet added. In this simple table we can conclude the advantage of the solar powered water pump.
Actual Price of Water Pumps | Initial Cost | Operating Cost/year | Lifespan | Total | PVP | 120,000 | 10,000 | 20 years | P 420,000 | DP | 21,000 | 66,000 | 20 years | P 1,341,000 | The initial cost of solar powered water pumps is higher yet the operating cost per year is much cheaper than the DP water pump. The operating cost of Diesel Powered water pumps is computed according to the value today of the diesel times the amount of gasoline they used everyday times the number of days they use it in the farm. We only used 180 days because the farmers plant their crops 3 times per year. P46.00x 8 liters per day x 180 days are equal to P66, 000. P10, 000 of PVP water pump is for the maintenance of the Battery. 37
Scheduled Feasibility
Assembling a solar powered water pump is so simple. It just only depends on the availability of the supplier of the materials in your area.
Gantt Chart Activities | Duration | Day1 | Day2 | Day3 | Day4 | Day5 | Day6 | Day7 | Day8 | Day9 | Day10 | Day11 | Project Design | 2 Days | | | | | | | | | | | | Canvassing and Buying of Materials | 3 Days | | | | | | | | | | | | Assembling the Project | 1 Day | | | | | | | | | | | | Testing | 3 Days | | | | | | | | | | | | Framing | 2 Days | | | | | | | | | | | |
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CHAPTER 5
Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
This chapter deals with the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations that have been generated in the developing a locally made solar-powered DC water pump.
Findings
The cost of fuel or gasoline is remarkably increasing and the use of renewable energy is rising. This fact has prompted the researchers to develop solar-powered water pump in exchange to the diesel type of water.
The cost of the whole project at start is remarkably high compare to diesel fuel pumps. But the ROI (Return of Investment) of the solar water pump is high since its source of energy is free, there is no cost to operate, low maintenance.
We found out that a 12-V DC motor can accommodate or supply 3.6 cubic meters per hour with a flow rate of 1 liter per second. Then this design can be useful also to the other type of water pump, like the vein type, piston type, and sump pump.
39
Conclusion
Using solar DC water pump is more practical in cost, effectiveness, usage life, maintenance and environmental concerns.
Solar energy is proven to be reliable source of electricity that is technically and economically viable and eco-friendly. A clean energy is produce by the PV system for electrical devices given the proper design of each individual component. A well designed photovoltaic system will operate with maximum performance if the equipment and devices that are inter-connected are properly matched.
The savings in terms of energy requirements of the water pump is very significant. Only the batteries are perceived to last only for 5 years thus lesser maintenance is needed in its entire lifespan.
The following are only few of the many benefits of the system: * * Good quality and reliability * Simple to install * Require minimum attention * They are safe * Solar energy is free * Easy and quick installation * Minimum maintenance * Virtually no cost to operate
40
Recommendations
Climate of the location of use of the solar-powered water pump should be considered since it will affect the operation of water pump and efficiency of charging of the battery.
In order to minimize the charging time of the 12 VDCbattery, an additional 50w solar panel should be connected in parallel with the first panel. An additional battery is an option to sustain the operation continuously even at night.
Limit switches are recommended for the protection of the motor of the water pump. These prevents the continuous pumping when there is no more water source available or when the water level is very low.
Since this project can be useful for the agricultural businesses and economic development the local government must help on the promotion of using a solar powered water pump in replacement for diesel fuel water pump.
41
The applications of this project are the following: * Irrigation * Drainage system * Domestic water system * Water fountain * drinking water supply * livestock watering * pond management
A follow up study may be done by the future researcher and designer to prove the effectiveness of implying a solar powered DC water pump.
42
REFERENCES
Lorentz Renewable Products (2011). Solar Water pumps from:http://www.lorentz.de
ADB (Asian Development Bank) 2011.The Asia Solar Energy Initiative:
Affordable Solar Power for Asia and the Pacific
Providence (2011). Compare Solar to Diesel Pumps from: providencetrade.c0m/compare-solar-to-diesel-pumps/
IEA (International Energy Agency) 2010. Technology Roadmap - Solar photovoltaic energy
IPCC 2010. Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, In Press.
Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF) July 2008. A COST AND RELIABILITY COMPARISON BETWEEN SOLAR AND DIESEL POWERED PUMPS
Abhijit Banerjee (2007)Solar Photovoltaic Pump: Ideal for Sun Rich Countries like India
Barrier Removal to Namibian Renewable EnergyProgramme (NAMREP) 2006.Feasibility Assessment for the Replacement of Diesel Pumps with Solar Pumps Final Report.
Emcon Consulting Group (2006).Solar water pumping makes perfect sense from:http://www.emcongroup.com/emcon_downloads.htm
NYSERDA, (2004). Guide to Solar Powered Water Pumping Systems in New York State. New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. Retrieved from: http://www.nyserda.org/publications/solarpumpingguide.pdf Short, T., Oldach, R., (2003). Solar Powered Water Pumps: the Past, the Present - and the Future. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering
Discharging of battery
And
Motor testing
Charging of battery
Using solar panel and
Charge controller
Assembly of the prototype
Final Testing
The Researchers DALUMPINES, DAVE MARK M.
Address:Blk 18 Lot 84 Phase 2 Area 4 Kaunlaran Village, Longos, Malabon City
Contact No.:09162685680
Email-add: rhymon24@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVE:
In search of an entry level position of engineering that will allow me to utilize my engineering skills for company benefit that will also help surely broaden my knowledge in my course.
PERSONAL DATA:
Birthday : April 02, 1991 Age : 20 Height : 5’3’’ Weight : 100 lbs. Nationality: Filipino Civil Status: Single Religion : Roman Catholic
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Tertiary Education Adamson University (Present) 900 San Marcelino St., Ermita, Manila
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
Expected Year of Graduation: October 2012
Secondary Education Kaunlaran High School Phase 1-C Kaunlaran Village, Navotas City 2003-2007
Primary Education Kapitbahayan Elementary School Phase 1-C Kaunlaran Village, Navotas City 1998-2003
SKILLS: * Have knowledge in PLC(Programmable Logic Controller) * Can communicate effectively in both oral and written English * A working knowledge on the computer. * The ability to deal with the public in a courteous and helpful manner
WORK EXPERIENCE:
May 2007 – Present Adamson University, 900 San Marcelino St., Manila
POSITION: Student Assistant
Duties and responsibilities:
* Entertain reference question from time to time from students, faculty, and administrators * Charge and discharge materials for office use * Enforce policies, directives, rules and regulations governing the college
DELA CRUZ, ENGRED TABASA Address:Brgy. Alibagon, Makato, Aklan
Contact no.:09075555409
E-mail address: engred_delacruz@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVE:
In search of an entry level positions regarding to my qualification that will allow me to enhance and develop my expertise, knowledge and skills by extending performance towards the power company and industry.
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Age : 20 years old
Date of Birth : September 27, 1991
Place of Birth : Brgy. Alibagon, Makato, Aklan
Gender : Female
Height : 5’3’’
Weight : 110 lbs. Nationality : Filipino Civil Status : Single Religion : Christian
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Tertiary Education Adamson University 900 San Marcelino Street, Ermita, Manila Bachelor of Science in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
2007-October 2012 (expected Graduation)
Secondary Education Numancia National School of Fisheries Brgy. Albasan, Numancia, Aklan Batch 2007
Elementary Education Baybay-Alibagon Elementary School Brgy. Baybay, Makato, Aklan Batch 2003
SKILLS: * Can communicate effectively in both oral and written English * A working knowledge on the Computer, AutoCAD, and Automation/PLC * The ability to deal with the public in a courteous and helpful manner
WORK EXPERIENCE:
November 2007 to Adamson University
December 2010 900 San Marcelino Street, Ermita, Manila
Position: Student Assistant
Fr. Leandro Montañana Library
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:
* Entertain reference question from time to time from students, faculty, and administrators * Utilize, charge and discharge materials for library use * Enforce policies, directives, rules and regulations governing the library
SEMINAR AND CERTIFICATE:
February 08, 2012 Certificate of Appreciation Research Paper Presentation Adamson University
1st Engineering Research Congress
Philam Life Theater, U.N. Ave.,Ermita Manila
March 08, 2012 Certificate of Appreciation Research Paper Presentation
Technological Institute of the Philippines
3rd Students’ Research Colloquium
Seminar Room,TIP-Quezon City
JOHN LESTER PENUELA LOPEZ
1219 Syson Street, Paco, Manila
+639328407152 / +639162903757 jleslopez@yahoo.com Personal Information
Date of Birth: February 27, 1991
Place of Birth: Pila, Laguna
Citizenship: Filipino
Gender: Male
Marital Status: Married
Skills: computer and AutoCAD literate
Educational Information
Tertiary
2007 – Present Adamson University
B.S. Electrical Engineering
Secondary
2003 – 2007 Paco Catholic School
Primary
1997 – 2003 Justo Lucban Elementary School
Employment History
Intern
D.M. Consunji. Incorporated
April – May 2011
References: Lorentz Renewable Products (2011). Solar Water pumps from:http://www.lorentz.de ADB (Asian Development Bank) 2011.The Asia Solar Energy Initiative: Affordable Solar Power for Asia and the Pacific Providence (2011) Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF) July 2008. A COST AND RELIABILITY COMPARISON BETWEEN SOLAR AND DIESEL POWERED PUMPS Abhijit Banerjee (2007)Solar Photovoltaic Pump: Ideal for Sun Rich Countries like India Emcon Consulting Group (2006).Solar water pumping makes perfect sense from:http://www.emcongroup.com/emcon_downloads.htm NYSERDA, (2004) Short, T., Oldach, R., (2003). Solar Powered Water Pumps: the Past, the Present - and the Future. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering Birthday : April 02, 1991 Age : 20
A Project Paper
Presented to the Faculty of
Electrical Engineering Department
ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Manila
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science
Major in Electrical Engineering
BAUZON, KERVIN
BIGAY, AR-JAY
DALUMPINES, DAVE MARK M.
DELA CRUZ, ENGRED T.
LOPEZ, JOHN LESTER P.
Co-Author: Mr. LemuelMaghuyop
MARCH 2012 ii APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering, this project entitled “(Solar Powered DC water pump)” has been prepared and submitted by the following students:
BAUZON, KERVIN
BIGAY, AR-JAY
DALUMPINES, DAVE MARK M.
DELA CRUZ, ENGRED T.
LOPEZ, JOHN LESTER P.
Who are hereby recommended for oral examination?
Approved by the committee on oral examination with a grade of: ___
________________________
Engr. Efren Del Rosario,PEE
_________________________ ________________________
Engr. RemeoFernandez, REE Engr. Jeffrey Landicho, REE
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the subject Project Study 2 Lab.
______________________________
Engr. VirgilioLeoncio B. Lomotan
ADVISER
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thank you to our Almighty God, for giving us the knowledge and wisdom, without you Lord, we could not do it, we owe the strength to perform our tasks well on making this project once again thank you.
To our family who gives all the support when we are in need, for having them as inspiration to fulfill our dreams and goals, and for their continuous prayer to keep us on track. We also give thanks to our beloved professors and staff of the Electrical Engineering Department especially to our respected chairperson Engr. VirgilioLeoncio B. Lomotan, for having patience to all of us students and for giving us courage, wisdom and the support to make this project complete and toMr. LemuelMaghuyop for motivation, encouragement and sharing greatest ideas about this project.
And to our friends and classmates, we thankful for having you in our lives. We will keep each other’s memory through good times and bad times.
Finally, to our beloved alma mater the Adamson University, we will values the good teaching and share it to others.
GOD BLESS US ALL.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of Contents iv
Abstract v
CHAPTER Page
1 THE PROJECT AND ITS SETTING 2.1 Introduction 1 2.2 Background of the Study 2 2.3 Objectives 5 2.4 Scope and Delimitation of the Study 5 2.5 Significance of the Study 6
CHAPTER
2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 3.6 Review of Conceptual Literature 7 3.7 Review of Research Literature 13 3.8 Conceptual Framework 15
v
CHAPTER
3 OPERATINAL FRAMEWORK 4.9 Project Design 17 4.10 Project Development 22 4.11 Evaluation and Validation Criteria 25
CHAPTER
4 PRESENTATION OF THE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 4.1 Technical Feasibility 27 4.2 Operational Feasibility 33 4.3 Economic Feasibility 34 4.4 Schedule Feasibility 37
CHAPTER
5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Summary of findings 38 5.2 Conclusion 39 5.3 Recommendation 40
REFERENCES 42
APPENDICES
vi
ABSTRACT
Pumps are used to lift and transport the water for variety of purposes. An early application includes the use of the wind and hands pumps, but their applications are very limited and not reliable. Later pumps are became operated through the use of diesel fuel.But due to rising fuel prices, the cost of spare parts maintenance, transportation of fuel to the systems location and the noise and pollution they cause,the solar application made economic sense in early 90s and was developed and reached technological maturity and as of today they are successfully tested and used in various countries as an economical alternative to the widely used diesel-operated and electric pumps.
In the Philippines solar energy are now developed and promoted as an alternative solution for a high consumption of diesel fuel as well as electricity. Due to this, we are able to come up with the idea to develop a locally made solar powered dc water pump. The electric energy is produced by a set of PV modules during daytime. This renewable, cost-free energy powers the 12 V water pump is using a DC motor, charge controller and a battery system attached so that it can also run at night. The whole system operates automatically.Providing a stable water supply is at the core to ensure good living conditions as well as the framework for successful business and agricultural development.
1
INTRODUCTION
Solar water pumps are used throughout the world for a number of innovative applications. If you are in a remote area and the cost of running traditional water piping is cost prohibitive, a solar water pump may be the right solution for your water supply needs. Solar water pumping systems are used to pump water for livestock, crop and flood irrigation, and even for simple domestic water supply where a home or town is remote and off the water pipeline.
It is possible to connect the pump leads directly to the output terminals of the solar module but using a battery system is more reliable because there are times that solar output is too low. Each residential-size solar module will produce a fairly constant 12-volts output at almost any level of sunlight.As the voltage is increased, pump rotation and water pumping is increased as long as enough current is available. During less than ideal solar periods, the current output of the solar module can be below the amp draw required for the pump to begin pumping. A solar pump controller will convert any excess voltage of the solar array to more output current.
The resulting lower voltage will not provide the normal flow output from the slower turning pump, but it will allow reduced flow during those hours the pump will normally be stalled.
2
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Water pumps are very essential throughout society for a variety of purposes since the Egyptians invented the “shadoof” in 200BC and development was seen in 1800(www.worldpumps.com).They are many kinds of water pumps but the common types of water pump are handy-powered, diesel-powered, and the electrically powered water pumps. An early application includes the use of the water mill to pump water. Today, the pump is used for irrigation, water supply, gasoline supply, air conditioning systems, and refrigeration (usually called a compressor). Historically pumping from off-grid areas has been predominantly achieved with wind pumps. Wind pumps have a long service liferequire no non-renewable fuel, require basic skills but are work intensive to maintain, and have a well develop service infrastructure. Wind pump systems are however not simple to install and require larger water storage.
Diesel water pumps became more attractive during the second half of the twentieth century with the development of the fuel supply infrastructure and the technology to allow diesel driven engines to pump from boreholes. Diesel pumps have the advantage of pumping water on demand (predictability), also in varying daily capacity, depending on the operating times and over high heads. Diesel engines have a fairly low capital cost. On the down side the diesel pumping system relies on fuel and is therefore “at the mercy” of fuel cost variations and exchange rate fluctuations. Furthermore diesel engines require regular maintenance, linked to the hours of operation and have a fairly short life expectancy (highly dependent on the level of maintenance, the operating conditions and the quality of the engine and the installation). It is quite common to find wind and diesel pumping combinations where either a diesel engine can be used to drive the reciprocating pump or where a diesel generator can be used to drive a submersible pump (fitted underneath the wind pump cylinder) to back up the water supply during low wind period or wind pump maintenance. Hand pumps are used for pumping from boreholes in particular in the communal areas. These are rugged devices which require no non-renewable fuel, are easy to maintain and have low capital cost. They are however limited in terms of the pumping volumes and depth of installation. Solar powered water pumps were first introduced for water provision in off-grid areas about 25 years ago.
3
The technology has developed around many different designs and in some PV water pumps (PVP) the reliability and maintenance requirements have improved over the initial PVPs introduced to the market. PVPs are easy to install, require no non-renewable energy, operate autonomously and are generally “good” for the sustainability of boreholes due to their low extraction volumes spread over eight to ten hours a day. Since 90s solar pumps have been developed and reached technological maturity. They are successfully tested and used for many years in various part of the world. Despite their higher initial cost the initial capital cost of PVPs is high due to the cost of the photovoltaic modules. The maintenance requirements of PVPs differ and range between annual and five year maintenance intervals. Solar-operated pumps are an economical alternative to the widely used diesel-operated pumps. This study, which is assessing the viability of replacing diesel pumps with solar PV water pumps for this are being offered and will be discussed in this study.
4
5
OBJECTIVES
General Objectives:
The main objective of this research study is to develop a locally made Solar Powered DC water pump:
Specific Objectives: * To produce a cheaper and locally made and develop solar powered water pumps * To replace diesel fuel-powered water pumps for crop irrigation * To pump and supply water to remote areas * To promote the use renewable energy
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
The study is basically concerned with the design of constructing a solar-powered dc water pump that are economically viable .However this project is operated in 12 Vdc source and the maximum flow rate is at 6 in3/min and it can pump water at the depth of 6m. The availability of sunlight and source of water may vary on the location and changes of the weather.
6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will give the benefits to the following:
Community
It will provide a stable water supply at the core to ensure good living conditions as well as the framework for successful business and agricultural development.
Environment
It will provide clean, cheap and sustainable energy source
Local Government
It will provide an alternative source of power that replace diesel-fuel source that are cheaper, less maintenance and economic viable.
Students/Researchers
It will establish necessary information and insights for the future solar project development.
7
CHAPTER 2
Theoretical Framework This chapter presents various related literature and studies relative to the utilization of solar energy where this project study was anchored. This includes also the conceptual framework and its corresponding paradigms.
Review of Conceptual Literature This review contains information about the study of the utilization of solar energy as an alternative power source. This also discusses its history and its development.
Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the sun that has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar radiation along with other resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass account for most of the available renewable energy on Earth. (wikipedia.org/wiki/solar_energy).
Greeks made use of the solar energy for growing vegetables in greenhouses. Many other early civilizations such as the Chinese, Anasazi and Pueblo used solar energy for heating like the Greeks and Romans. They worked together to make use of solar energy over 2000 years ago. The Greeks were the first people to use solar energy to warm buildings. They found that by constructing their homes and buildings in a certain way they could make use of the sun during winter. While it may have been difficult for these ancient people to understand solar energy, entire cities was built this way in 400 BC.
8
The Greeks wrote the first account of solar energy in the fourth century BC when low fuel supplies from the Middle East occurred. They discovered the best way to get the sunlight was to face the main rooms south while the north side of the buildings would be shielded from the cold winds. They added eaves to the roof providing the shade for the southern windows in summer. In 212 BC Archimedes allegedly used solar energy to "reduce the Roman navy (which was attacking Syracuse) to ashes" by having soldiers, reflect sunlight off their shields toward Roman sails. (http://www.uccs.edu/~energy/course/160lectures/solhist.htm)
The Romans used sun one word for central heating and to heat water in their large central baths quickly, as the burning of wood was consuming forests around Rome. The Greeks discovered and introduced glass in the first century AD. Dark colored pottery was used to store goods and therefore increase thermal energy. (http://www.uccs.edu/~energy/course/160lectures/solhist.htm)
9
The Romans depended on sunlight more than the Greeks as solar energy was used to allow the Romans to enjoy their fruits and vegetables they brought back from the Middle East or Africa. The Romans were able to grow a variety of fruit and vegetables by controlling the climate by either covering the glass houses or leaving them open to the sun.
(http://www.annesley.sa.edu.au/amep/energyconservation_solarenergy/history.htm).
In 1838, Edmund Becquecrel observed and published findings about the nature of materials to turn light into energy. They were considered interesting, but were not pursued. In 1860 – 1881, AugusteMouchout was the first man to patent a design for a motor running on solar energy. Receiving funds from the French monarch, he designed a device that turned solar energy into mechanical steam power and soon operated the first steam engine. He later connected the steam engine to a refrigeration device, illustrating that the sun’s rays can be utilized to make ice. His ground breaking research was cut short though. The French renegotiated a cheaper deal with England for the supply of coal and improved their transportation system for the delivery thereof. Mouchout’s work towards finding an alternative was no longer considered a priority and he no longer received any funding from the monarch. In 1876 – 1878, William Adams wrote the first book about Solar Energy called: A Substitute for Fuel in Tropical Countries. Him and his student Richard Day experimented with the use of mirrors and were able to power a 2.5 horsepower steam engine. Much bigger than the Mouchout’s 0.5 horsepowered steam engine. His design, known as the Power Tower concept, is still in use today. In 1868 – 1888, John Ericson, an American immigrant from Sweden wrote these powerful words: “A couple of thousand years dropped in the ocean of time will completely exhaust the coal fields of Europe, unless, in the meantime, the heat of the sun is employed”. He dismissed Mouchout’s work and also developed a solar powered steam engine, very similar in design to Mouchout’s.
10
Solar energy history continues into the 20th century. In 1954 – 1991, Calvin Fuller, Gerald Pearson and Daryl Chaplin of Bell Laboratories accidentally discovered the use of silicon as a semi-conductor, which led to the construction of a solar panel with an efficiency rate of 6%. A Los Angeles based company called Luz Corporation produced 95% of the world’s solar-based electricity. They were forced to shut their doors after investor withdrew from the project as the price of non-renewable fossils fuels declined and the future of state and federal incentives were not likely. The chairman of the board said it best: “The failure of the world’s largest solar electric company was not due to technological or business judgment failures but rather to failures of government regulatory bodies to recognize the economic and environmental benefits of solar thermal generating plants”.(Kreider et. al., 1981)
11
Pumps are used to lift and transport the water to where it is needed – sometimes over substantial distances. Earlier wind and hands pumps were used, but their applications are very limited and not reliable. They cannot be transported easily and need regular maintenance of the mechanical parts. Later diesel-operated pumps came into use, but their popularity is in decline due to rising fuel prices, the cost of spare parts for maintenance, the need to transport fuel to the system’s location and the noise and pollution they cause. Since the 90’s solar pumps have been developed and reached technological maturity. They are successfully tested and used for many years in various parts of the world. Despite their higher initial cost, solar-operated pumps are an economical alternative to the widely used diesel-operated pumps. The breakeven point is usually reached after 2-4 years only.
Especially solar-operated submersible pumps have proven to be the solution for remote areas with no to the electrical grid. The electric energy is produced by a set of PV modules during daytime. This renewable, cost free energy powers the submersible pump which is controlled and optimized by a pump controller on top of the well. With a battery system attached, the pump can also run at night and provide electricity for some small lamps, a radio and a telephone charger by the side. The whole system operates automatically. It is protected by a tank float switch as well as a low water well probe.
12
13
Review of Research Literature The study of Adonis (2007) focused on lighting system on Ligao National High School and Ligao Community College. It uses solar energy to supply power to the new lighting system to be adapted in the school buildings and premises. The energy produced by the photovoltaic cells would only supply power to the lights and does not include other appliances or equipment. The study of Lorentz (www.lorentz.de) solar pumps offer a clean and simple alternative to fuel-burning engines and generators for domestic water, livestock and irrigation. They are most effective during dry and sunny seasons. They require no fuel deliveries, and very little maintenance. Solar pumps are powered by photovoltaic (solar electric) panels and the flow rate is determined by the intensity of the sunlight. Most solar pumps operate without the use of storage batteries. A water tank provides a simple, economical means of storage. Solar pumps must be optimally selected for the task at hand, in order to minimize the power required, and thus the cost of the system. A wide variety of solar pumps is available, to meet a wide variety of needs. The purpose of this booklet is to inform Namibia’s farmers about the economic merits of solar water pumping technologies as a replacement for diesel water pumps. Against rapidly increasing diesel fuel prices, volatile livestock and crop markets and mounting threats tomaintain agricultural productivity.
14
15
Conceptual Framework
This model shows of the conceptual framework of the study; researchers are guided by this paradigm. The idea starts of the developing and making this study. We should consider of certain components evaluation, feedback, canvassing to afford a quality management. The outcome would be assessed based on the objectives satisfy or met without any problem, the design or the study would focus on its sustainability. If ever there is a problem, it has to be planned back to the design or the technical aspects for a proper action/troubleshooting.
16
* Solar Energy Concepts * Equipment and Other Hardware * Technical Expertise
INPUT
* Analysis * Planning and Designing * Evaluation * Redesigning
PROCESS
Development of a Solar-powered DC Water Pump
OUTPUT
Fig.1. Conceptual Paradigm
17
CHAPTER 3
Operational Framework
This chapter deals with the project design and methods used in the development of the proposed Solar-powered water pump.
Project Design
In solar water pump applications it is crucial to accurately design and calculate the size and type of the different components. Solar water pumps are not of-the-shelf products in the Philippines. Different parameters have to be taken into consideration when designing such systems: (1) Geographic and climate data for a given area; (2) Required daily hours of application; and (3) System sizing, quantity and selection of the different components like light source, solar panels, batteries, DC motor, and solar charge controller.
The goal of the project is to retrench the budget used by the people in their expenses using water pumps. Below are the technical components of the project that must be properly sized and specified:
18
Fig. 2 Operational Paradigm
19
PV Module
A photovoltaic module is the basic element of each photovoltaic system. It consists of many jointly connected solar cells. According to the solar cell technology we distinguish monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous solar modules. Most commercial crystalline modules consist of 36 or of 72 cells. Solar cells are connected and placed between a tedlar plate on the bottom and a tempered glasson the top. Placed between the solar cells and the glass there is a thin usually EVA foil. Solar cells are interconnected with thin contacts on the upper side of the semiconductor material, which can be seen as a metal net on the solar cells. The net must be as thin as possible allowing a disturbance free incidence photon stream. Usually a module is framed with an aluminum frame, occasionally with a stainless steel or with a plastic frame. Special flexible modules are designed for use on boats that can be walked upon without causing any damage to the modules. The typical crystalline modules power ranges from several Watts to up to 200 W/module. Some producers produce preassembled panels with several 100 Watts. Over its estimated life a photovoltaic module will produce much more electricity then used in its production and a 100 Watt module will prevent the emission of over two tons of CO2.
20
Battery Charge Controller
Solar Battery Charge Controllers prevent solar panels from overcharging the battery. When battery voltage rises to a present maximum, where the battery is completely charged, the controller automatically reduces or stops the solar charge. It prevents overcharging and may prevent against overvoltage, which can reduce battery performance or lifespan, and may pose a safety risk. It may also prevent completely draining (deep discharging) a battery, or perform controlled discharges, depending on the battery technology, to protect battery life. The terms "charge controller" or "charge regulator" may refer to either a stand-alone device, or to control circuitry integrated within a battery pack, battery-powered device, or battery recharger.
Battery
Whenever there is excess electricity generated by the photovoltaic module, an energy storage medium has to be present in order to avoid wastage of this electricity. The battery gathers all the electrical energy that is used by the load and stores it. It then becomes the source of electricity during nighttime and cloudy days.
21
Brushless DC Motor Also known as electronically commutated motors are electric motors powered by direct-current (DC) electricity and having electronic commutation systems, rather than mechanical commutators and brushes. The current-to-torque and frequency-to-speed relationships of Brush less DC motors are linear.
This motor is the main part of the water pump which serves as the one make the machine functional. It uses the power gathered by the photovoltaic module and starts the machine to pump water.
22
Project Development The project will be developed to provide the community with a low cost solar powered water pump. The following are the phases of the design:
Analysis of the geographic and climate data
This is the first step in designing any solar-powered project because the availability of a valid level of solar radiation will be the basis if the project is technically feasible.
Specifying systems components and parameters
Proper component sizing must be computed and provide the electrical specifications of each. Proper matching must do to increase system efficiency and minimize system failure.
Conducting economic analysis of the system
The phase will provide the comparison between diesel-poweredconnected and solar poweredconnected system in terms of each individual cost analysis.
Develop conclusions and recommendations
In this phase, conclusions are drawn and recommendations and implications are generated based on the results of computations.
23
Project Design Evaluation The project will be evaluated based on its different possible aspects regarding on how it was achieved. First, is on the technical side. The design must comply with the availability of the technical resources and applications. This aspect can be done by recognizing the local suppliers and traders and considering circumstances whether in which they can provide us of the equipment and supplies needed to build the project. Otherwise, we can still have the option of having importing those abroad. And the expertise of professionals in constructing our system must also be considered. Next to be considered is its operational aspect. The design mainly depends on how it can be able to work and how it can be manipulated. Through this aspect, the success of the entire design can be tested if or not the system will tend to perform its operation. The practicality of the project in terms of time will also be evaluated. The use of time table is needed in monitoring instances that may cause the advancement or delay of the project. The financial advantage of using solar energy as contrasted to other available sources will also be evaluated. Cost comparison of the two different systems will be done.
24
The successful implementation of the project against factors that may cause risk will also be considered which will be before, during and after the study.
25
Evaluation Criteria
This project study will be evaluated based on the following:
Technical Feasibility is the measure of the reality of the project and the availability of technical resources and supplies.
1.1 Is the project technically practical?
Project Operational Feasibility is the measure of how precise the system will work in the society; it is also the measure of how the environment will adapt the project.
2.1. How do the users benefit in the project?
Project Economic Feasibility is the measure of the effectiveness of the cost of the project. This is also called cost benefit analysis.
3.1. Is the project effective of its cost?
Project Scheduled Feasibility is the measure of how sensible is the time table of the project.
Can the project be designed and constructed within an acceptable time period?
26
CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION OF THE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
This chapter contains the presentation of the results of computations and trials made and the discussions of salient points needed in the design of a Solar Powered Water Pump.
The design of this project requires examination of the concepts of how a photo-voltaic system works and how to connect the panel, the batteries, the load, and other components together. Investigating commercially-available systems assisted in determining what equipment is required to build a complete structure. The next phase is to establish the equipment necessary to operate the system so that it would be durable and cost effective.
The design of a solar water pump system is based on system constraints and it is imperative that site consideration should be well taken into account to give the maximum possible light exposure to the modules. There should be no obstruction to light and lessen the performance of every panel and the site should be able to accommodate complete exposure to sunlight for at least 6 to 8 hours a day.
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I - Technical Feasibility
1. The Philippine Climate and Peak Sun Hours
Accurate solar resource data is important for the proper sizing and life cycle cost analysis of solar photovoltaic technologies. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of the solar resource for various tilt angles will allow for more cost effective design and operation of photovoltaic systems for meeting small, distributed loads. In the Philippines, the mean annual temperature is 27.71C (81.875F). 22.00C (71.60F) is the lowest monthly average minimum temperature (to be found in January and February) while 34.00C (93.20F) is the peak monthly average high temp to be found in the month of May.
Fig. 1. Average Annual Meteorological Data of the Philippines
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Figure 1 show that the climate of the Philippines is subject to 2105 sunshine hours annually or 5.77 hours per day. The range of hours of sunlight is from an average of 4.3 per day in July and August to 8.6 per day in April.
2. Location of the Project
The solar powered water pump will be place in an open wide farm so that the solar panel can acquire the maximum possible photovoltaic energy for the pump.
Laguna, Philippines
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Solar powered water pump will be the replacement for the diesel pump used by the farmer.
3. Choosing the battery
The battery is the storage medium of the Solar Lighting Systems which produces electricity by means of a chemical reaction. Batteries are designed to be discharged and then re-charged hundreds or thousands of times and rated in Ampere-Hours (ah). Ampere-Hour refers to the amount of current in amperes which can be supplied by the battery over the period of hours. All lead-acid batteries have a nominal output of 2 volts per cell. 12 volt lead-acid batteries are made of 6 separate cells in one case. Deep cycle battery should be used because it discharges almost 80 percent of the full load.
3.1 Calculation for charging of battery
Divide the ampere rating of the battery by the rating charge of the panel. Hour=40Ah/2.92 A =13.699
Almost 2 days, 7 hours per day when we are using 1 panel.
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6. Solar Panels The total daily energy requirements will be the basis in determining the capacity of solar panels to be used. The total computed power for this project is 55 watts. So we used 50 watts of solar panel to charge the battery.
7.Charge Controller Capacity
A Charge Controller is an electronic DC to DC converter that optimizes the match between the solar array (PV panels), and the battery bank.
Most PV panels are built to put out a nominal 12 volts. The catch is nominal. In actual fact, almost all are designed to put out from 16 to 36 volts. The problem is that a nominal 12 volt battery is pretty close to an actual 12 volts – 10.5 to 12.7 volts, depending on state of charge. Under charge, most batteries want from around 13.2 to 14.75 volts to fully charge – quite a bit different than what most panels are designed to put out.
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8. Summary of Equipment and Devices The following are the components comprising the Solar-Powered Street Lighting Systems: Light Source : sunlight Operating Voltage : 12-volt DC on the load side Solar Panel : 1 unit’s 50-watt PV module Electrical Data Ppeak watts dc : 50
Vpeak volts dc : 17.1
Ipeak amps dc : 2.92
Voc volts dc : 21.2
Isc amps dc : 3.55
Vmax system volts dc : 715 Battery : 1 unit40Ah, Lead-Acid, Deep cycle Electrical Data Voltage : 12 volts Charge Controller : 1 unit 10A, 12/24 VDC rated JC seriesCharge Controller Conductor : 4 meters 1.3 mm2 THHN Disconnecting Means : 1 unit DPST switch
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9. Schedule of Loads
Description of Load | Number of Outlet/s | Total Power | Total Current | Voltage | Switch | Conductor | Water pump motor Load | 1 | 55 W | 7.8 A | 12 VAC | 1 DPST | #16 THW |
The conductor was so selected basing on the current rating of the motor.
10. Circuit Block Diagram
Solar
Panel
DPST
Switch
Solar
Charge Controller
Battery
Water
Pump
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II-Operational Feasibility The main function of this project is to transport water. Farmers were interviewed regarding of replacing diesel pumps into solar powered pumps. The following are there answers: 1. The initial cost is big but I think we can manage to get what we invest in this project after 3-5 years. 2. We can save money in here especially these days, gasoline products are too expensive. 3. It is definitely a good project, economic and environmental friendly.
4. OUTPUT of the Project
| Charging time | Discharging time | Flow rate | Test 1 | Zero hour (new ordered battery) | 30 mins | 0.5 liter per second | Test 2 | 1 hours | 15 mins | 1 liter/sec | Test 3 | 7 hours | 1.5 hours | 1 liter/sec |
34
III-Economic Feasibility A cost comparison between the condition wherein grid-connection will be used and the condition that will prevail if the proposal is implemented, thus proving that the proposal is efficient from both the economic and energy point of view.
This evaluation is imperative since the objective of this study is to reduce the cost on diesel user; the cost effectiveness of the project is presented.
1. Cost presentation of the Project Item Description | Price | Solar Panel | P 5,000.00 | Solar Charge Controller | P 1,500.00 | Water pump | P 3,400.00 | Battery | P 3,500.00 | Wire and Hose | P 250.00 | Switch | P 100.00 | Stand/case/paint | P 2000.00 | TOTAL | P 15,750.00 |
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2. Comparison between Diesel and Solar powered Water Pump
In rural and/or undeveloped areas where there is no power grid and more wateris needed than what hand or foot pumps can deliver, the choice for powering pumps is usually diesel. There are very distinct differences between the two power sources in terms of cost and reliability. Diesel pumps are typically characterized by a lower first cost but a very high operation and maintenance cost. Solar is the opposite, with a higher first cost but very low ongoing operation and maintenance costs.
In terms of reliability, it is much easier (and cheaper) to keep a solar-powered system going than it is a diesel engine. This is evident in field where diesel engines lie rusting and unused by the thousands and solar pumps sometimes run for years without anyone touching them. Solar pumping has had clear advantages for a number of years but the differences are becoming more striking in a world of rapidly escalating fuel costs.
36
For prototype experiment and calculation: | Initial cost | Operating cost/year | Lifespan | Total | PVP | P16,000 | P2,000 | 5 years | P 26,000 | DP | P 5,000 | P8,460 | 5 years | P 47,300 |
In this table, the operating cost is computed base on the lifespan of the battery and for the diesel powered, the cost is just for the value of the diesel (P 47.00x180), the maintenance are not yet added. In this simple table we can conclude the advantage of the solar powered water pump.
Actual Price of Water Pumps | Initial Cost | Operating Cost/year | Lifespan | Total | PVP | 120,000 | 10,000 | 20 years | P 420,000 | DP | 21,000 | 66,000 | 20 years | P 1,341,000 | The initial cost of solar powered water pumps is higher yet the operating cost per year is much cheaper than the DP water pump. The operating cost of Diesel Powered water pumps is computed according to the value today of the diesel times the amount of gasoline they used everyday times the number of days they use it in the farm. We only used 180 days because the farmers plant their crops 3 times per year. P46.00x 8 liters per day x 180 days are equal to P66, 000. P10, 000 of PVP water pump is for the maintenance of the Battery. 37
Scheduled Feasibility
Assembling a solar powered water pump is so simple. It just only depends on the availability of the supplier of the materials in your area.
Gantt Chart Activities | Duration | Day1 | Day2 | Day3 | Day4 | Day5 | Day6 | Day7 | Day8 | Day9 | Day10 | Day11 | Project Design | 2 Days | | | | | | | | | | | | Canvassing and Buying of Materials | 3 Days | | | | | | | | | | | | Assembling the Project | 1 Day | | | | | | | | | | | | Testing | 3 Days | | | | | | | | | | | | Framing | 2 Days | | | | | | | | | | | |
38
CHAPTER 5
Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
This chapter deals with the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations that have been generated in the developing a locally made solar-powered DC water pump.
Findings
The cost of fuel or gasoline is remarkably increasing and the use of renewable energy is rising. This fact has prompted the researchers to develop solar-powered water pump in exchange to the diesel type of water.
The cost of the whole project at start is remarkably high compare to diesel fuel pumps. But the ROI (Return of Investment) of the solar water pump is high since its source of energy is free, there is no cost to operate, low maintenance.
We found out that a 12-V DC motor can accommodate or supply 3.6 cubic meters per hour with a flow rate of 1 liter per second. Then this design can be useful also to the other type of water pump, like the vein type, piston type, and sump pump.
39
Conclusion
Using solar DC water pump is more practical in cost, effectiveness, usage life, maintenance and environmental concerns.
Solar energy is proven to be reliable source of electricity that is technically and economically viable and eco-friendly. A clean energy is produce by the PV system for electrical devices given the proper design of each individual component. A well designed photovoltaic system will operate with maximum performance if the equipment and devices that are inter-connected are properly matched.
The savings in terms of energy requirements of the water pump is very significant. Only the batteries are perceived to last only for 5 years thus lesser maintenance is needed in its entire lifespan.
The following are only few of the many benefits of the system: * * Good quality and reliability * Simple to install * Require minimum attention * They are safe * Solar energy is free * Easy and quick installation * Minimum maintenance * Virtually no cost to operate
40
Recommendations
Climate of the location of use of the solar-powered water pump should be considered since it will affect the operation of water pump and efficiency of charging of the battery.
In order to minimize the charging time of the 12 VDCbattery, an additional 50w solar panel should be connected in parallel with the first panel. An additional battery is an option to sustain the operation continuously even at night.
Limit switches are recommended for the protection of the motor of the water pump. These prevents the continuous pumping when there is no more water source available or when the water level is very low.
Since this project can be useful for the agricultural businesses and economic development the local government must help on the promotion of using a solar powered water pump in replacement for diesel fuel water pump.
41
The applications of this project are the following: * Irrigation * Drainage system * Domestic water system * Water fountain * drinking water supply * livestock watering * pond management
A follow up study may be done by the future researcher and designer to prove the effectiveness of implying a solar powered DC water pump.
42
REFERENCES
Lorentz Renewable Products (2011). Solar Water pumps from:http://www.lorentz.de
ADB (Asian Development Bank) 2011.The Asia Solar Energy Initiative:
Affordable Solar Power for Asia and the Pacific
Providence (2011). Compare Solar to Diesel Pumps from: providencetrade.c0m/compare-solar-to-diesel-pumps/
IEA (International Energy Agency) 2010. Technology Roadmap - Solar photovoltaic energy
IPCC 2010. Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, In Press.
Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF) July 2008. A COST AND RELIABILITY COMPARISON BETWEEN SOLAR AND DIESEL POWERED PUMPS
Abhijit Banerjee (2007)Solar Photovoltaic Pump: Ideal for Sun Rich Countries like India
Barrier Removal to Namibian Renewable EnergyProgramme (NAMREP) 2006.Feasibility Assessment for the Replacement of Diesel Pumps with Solar Pumps Final Report.
Emcon Consulting Group (2006).Solar water pumping makes perfect sense from:http://www.emcongroup.com/emcon_downloads.htm
NYSERDA, (2004). Guide to Solar Powered Water Pumping Systems in New York State. New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. Retrieved from: http://www.nyserda.org/publications/solarpumpingguide.pdf Short, T., Oldach, R., (2003). Solar Powered Water Pumps: the Past, the Present - and the Future. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering
Discharging of battery
And
Motor testing
Charging of battery
Using solar panel and
Charge controller
Assembly of the prototype
Final Testing
The Researchers DALUMPINES, DAVE MARK M.
Address:Blk 18 Lot 84 Phase 2 Area 4 Kaunlaran Village, Longos, Malabon City
Contact No.:09162685680
Email-add: rhymon24@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVE:
In search of an entry level position of engineering that will allow me to utilize my engineering skills for company benefit that will also help surely broaden my knowledge in my course.
PERSONAL DATA:
Birthday : April 02, 1991 Age : 20 Height : 5’3’’ Weight : 100 lbs. Nationality: Filipino Civil Status: Single Religion : Roman Catholic
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Tertiary Education Adamson University (Present) 900 San Marcelino St., Ermita, Manila
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
Expected Year of Graduation: October 2012
Secondary Education Kaunlaran High School Phase 1-C Kaunlaran Village, Navotas City 2003-2007
Primary Education Kapitbahayan Elementary School Phase 1-C Kaunlaran Village, Navotas City 1998-2003
SKILLS: * Have knowledge in PLC(Programmable Logic Controller) * Can communicate effectively in both oral and written English * A working knowledge on the computer. * The ability to deal with the public in a courteous and helpful manner
WORK EXPERIENCE:
May 2007 – Present Adamson University, 900 San Marcelino St., Manila
POSITION: Student Assistant
Duties and responsibilities:
* Entertain reference question from time to time from students, faculty, and administrators * Charge and discharge materials for office use * Enforce policies, directives, rules and regulations governing the college
DELA CRUZ, ENGRED TABASA Address:Brgy. Alibagon, Makato, Aklan
Contact no.:09075555409
E-mail address: engred_delacruz@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVE:
In search of an entry level positions regarding to my qualification that will allow me to enhance and develop my expertise, knowledge and skills by extending performance towards the power company and industry.
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Age : 20 years old
Date of Birth : September 27, 1991
Place of Birth : Brgy. Alibagon, Makato, Aklan
Gender : Female
Height : 5’3’’
Weight : 110 lbs. Nationality : Filipino Civil Status : Single Religion : Christian
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Tertiary Education Adamson University 900 San Marcelino Street, Ermita, Manila Bachelor of Science in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
2007-October 2012 (expected Graduation)
Secondary Education Numancia National School of Fisheries Brgy. Albasan, Numancia, Aklan Batch 2007
Elementary Education Baybay-Alibagon Elementary School Brgy. Baybay, Makato, Aklan Batch 2003
SKILLS: * Can communicate effectively in both oral and written English * A working knowledge on the Computer, AutoCAD, and Automation/PLC * The ability to deal with the public in a courteous and helpful manner
WORK EXPERIENCE:
November 2007 to Adamson University
December 2010 900 San Marcelino Street, Ermita, Manila
Position: Student Assistant
Fr. Leandro Montañana Library
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:
* Entertain reference question from time to time from students, faculty, and administrators * Utilize, charge and discharge materials for library use * Enforce policies, directives, rules and regulations governing the library
SEMINAR AND CERTIFICATE:
February 08, 2012 Certificate of Appreciation Research Paper Presentation Adamson University
1st Engineering Research Congress
Philam Life Theater, U.N. Ave.,Ermita Manila
March 08, 2012 Certificate of Appreciation Research Paper Presentation
Technological Institute of the Philippines
3rd Students’ Research Colloquium
Seminar Room,TIP-Quezon City
JOHN LESTER PENUELA LOPEZ
1219 Syson Street, Paco, Manila
+639328407152 / +639162903757 jleslopez@yahoo.com Personal Information
Date of Birth: February 27, 1991
Place of Birth: Pila, Laguna
Citizenship: Filipino
Gender: Male
Marital Status: Married
Skills: computer and AutoCAD literate
Educational Information
Tertiary
2007 – Present Adamson University
B.S. Electrical Engineering
Secondary
2003 – 2007 Paco Catholic School
Primary
1997 – 2003 Justo Lucban Elementary School
Employment History
Intern
D.M. Consunji. Incorporated
April – May 2011
References: Lorentz Renewable Products (2011). Solar Water pumps from:http://www.lorentz.de ADB (Asian Development Bank) 2011.The Asia Solar Energy Initiative: Affordable Solar Power for Asia and the Pacific Providence (2011) Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF) July 2008. A COST AND RELIABILITY COMPARISON BETWEEN SOLAR AND DIESEL POWERED PUMPS Abhijit Banerjee (2007)Solar Photovoltaic Pump: Ideal for Sun Rich Countries like India Emcon Consulting Group (2006).Solar water pumping makes perfect sense from:http://www.emcongroup.com/emcon_downloads.htm NYSERDA, (2004) Short, T., Oldach, R., (2003). Solar Powered Water Pumps: the Past, the Present - and the Future. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering Birthday : April 02, 1991 Age : 20
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