Long-Term Effects Of Bullying

ABSTRACT Bullying is defined as intimidating or inflicting deliberate harm that is continuous and creates an inequality of control. Bullying is often considered an initiation, and is mistakenly so. The journal article Long-term Effects of Bullying by Dieter Wolke and Suzet Tanya Lereya covers the major risk factors for ones mental and physical health, as well as the adjustment into adult life. This behavior has been discounted by health professionals in the past, but needs to be recognized as a danger to the well being of an adult’s daily life.
DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Bullying is defined as intimidating or inflicting deliberate harm that is continuous and creates an inequity of power. Whether the perception of the action is prominent
This study focuses on potential studies that were able to control pre-existing conditions in the effects of bullying.
CHIDHOOD AND ADOLESCENSE (6-17 YEARS) Children who were victims of bullying have a steady increase of risk for such problems such as colds, headaches, stomachaches, and sleeping problems. They were also more likely to start smoking. They are also more likely to suppress their emotional feelings and suffer from anxiety and depression. Bullying victims are more likely to contemplate self-harm or suicide in their teen age years. Only a small amount of victims had adverse academic performance and those who dealt with chronic or multiple bullying incidents showed more adverse effects.
CHILDHOOD TO ADULTHOOD (18-50 YEARS) Middle adult are at higher risk for mental disorders such as anxiety and depression if they suffered from being bullied in their childhood. They were also more likely to suffer from suicidal ideations, self-harm, poor general health, slower recovery from illnesses, and bodily aches. They were found to have less educational credential, poor financial management and earn less than their peers even at age 50. Another reported sign from being bullied is trouble making and keeping relationships and more likely to live alone. There was no connection found between substance abuse and anti-social
Being bullied has an effect on serotonin, cortisol responses, and immune response. Being bullied can also affect normal chronic inflammation and other health issues that continue later in adulthood. C-reactive protein, a marker of low-grade systemic inflammation in the body causes a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders and mental health issues. Those that were bullied had a higher lever of CRP in their blood tests, while the bullies had a lower level of CRP is theirs. This shows that bullies have a defensive effect to their physiological status as a