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Kargil War

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Kargil War
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California

THESIS
HIGH ALTITUDE WARFARE: THE KARGIL CONFLICT AND THE FUTURE by Marcus P. Acosta June 2003 Thesis Advisor: Second Reader: Peter Lavoy Douglas Porch

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1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2003 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: High Altitude Warfare: The Kargil Conflict and the 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Future 6. AUTHOR(S) Marcus P. Acosta, CPT, U.S. Army 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) N/A

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11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release: distribution is unlimited

13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words)
The unique combination of thin air, freezing temperatures, and mountainous



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Bentley, Christopher F., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army. “Afghanistan: Joint and Coalition Fire Support in Operation Anaconda.” Field Artillery (September-October 2002): 10-14. Biddle, Stephen. Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare: Implications for Army and Defense Policy (Carlisle Barracks: U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, 2002). Billingsley, Dodge. “Choppers in the Coils.” Journal of Electronic Defense Vol. 25 No. 9 (September 2002): 38-47. Chandel, S.S., Brigadier, Indian Army (Retired). “Infantry Assaults in High Altitude.” Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies No. 240 (13 August 1999) at (May 2002). Chew, Allen F. Leavenworth Paper No. 5: Fighting the Russians in Winter (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute, 1981). Cloughley, Brian. A History of the Pakistan Army (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002). 79 Colucci, Frank. “Helicopters for a Long War.” Vertiflite Vol. 48 No. 4 (Fall 2002): 18-23. “The Disputed Area of Kashmir.” at (February 2003). Executive Summary of the Battle of Takur Ghar. U.S. Department of Defense (24 May 2002) at (May 2003). Frisancho, A. Roberto. Human Adaptation and Accommodation (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993). Ganesh, D.N. “Indian Air Force in Action.” Kargil 1999: Pakistan 's Fourth War for Kashmir. Ed. Jasjit Singh (Delhi: Knowledge World, 1999): 178-211. Ghazanfar, Ali, and Hassan Akhtar Ghani. “Siachen – The World 's Highest Battlefield.” Military Technology Vol. 22 No. 3 (March 1998): 15-17. Gilmore, Gerry J. “Anaconda Is Success; Enemy Killed Unknown, Say Officials.” Armed Forces Press Service News Articles (15 March 2002) at (May 2003). Gokhale, N.A. “High School.” Outlook India (3 April 2000) at (May 2002). Goodman, Glenn W. Jr. “Terminal Accuracy.” Armed Forces Journal International (October 2002): 64-72. Graham, Bradley. “Ambush at Takur Ghar: Fighting for Survival in the Afghan Snow.” (25 May 2002) at The Washington Post (May 2002). Grant, Rebecca. “The Clash About CAS.” Air Force Magazine Vol. 86 No. 1 (January 2003): 54-59. Grau, Lester W., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired), and Hernan Vazquez, Lieutenant Colonel, Argentine Army. “Ground Combat at High Altitude.” Military Review Vol. 82 No. 1 (January-February 2002): 22-31. Gregory, Barry, Mountain and Arctic Warfare: From Alexander to Afghanistan (London: Stephens, 1989). Grossman, Elaine M. “Left in the Dark for Most Anaconda Planning, Air Force Opens New Probe.” Inside the Pentagon (3 October 2002) at (October 2002). 80 Houston, Charles, M.D. Going Higher: Oxygen, Man and Mountains (Seattle, Wash.: The Mountaineers, 1998). Interview between Feroz Khan, Brigadier, Pakistan Army (Retired) and the author, 28 February 2003. Jane 's Aircraft – Rotary Wing at (May 2002). Jenkins, Tom. “The Assault on Riva Ridge.” American History (December 2001): 46-52. Joint Publication 1-02 Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 12 April 2001). Kanwal, Gurmeet, Colonel, Indian Army. “Pakistan 's Military Defeat.” Kargil 1999: Pakistan 's Fourth War for Kashmir. Ed. Jasjit Singh (Delhi: Knowledge World, 1999): 144-177. Kanwal, Gurmeet, Colonel, Indian Army. Heroes of Kargil (Delhi: Army Headquarters, 2002). Karniol, Robert. “Fighting on the Roof of the World.” Jane 's Defence Weekly Vol. 30 No. 22 (2 December 1998): 27-31. Khosa, Raspal S. “The Siachen Glacier Dispute: Imbroglio on the Roof of the World.” Contemporary South Asia Vol. 8, No. 2 (1999): 187-209. Krishna, Ashok, Major General, Indian Army (Retired). “The Kargil War.” Kargil: The Tables Turned. Ed. Major General Ashok Krishna and P.R. Chari (Delhi: Manohar, 2001): 77-138. Krishna, Ashok, Major General, Indian Army (Retired). “Appendix 5, Pakistan’s Northern Light Infantry.” Kargil: The Tables Turned. Ed. Major General Ashok Krishna and P.R. Chari (Delhi: Manohar, 2001): 296-299. Krishna, Ashok, Major General, Indian Army (Retired). “Appendix 12, Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif’s Address to the Nation, 12 July 1999.” Kargil: The Tables Turned. Ed. Major General Ashok Krishna and P.R. Chari (Delhi: Manohar, 2001): 324329. Light Infantry in Action at (December 2002). Lucas, James. Hitler’s Mountain Troops (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1992). McElroy, Robert H. “Afghanistan: Fire Support for Operation Anaconda.” Field Artillery (September-October 2002): 5-9. 81 McMichael, Scott R. A Historical Perspective on Light Infantry (Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute, 1987): 51-91. Menning, William M., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army. “Moving in the Mountains.” Infantry Vol. 82 No. 1 (January-February 1992): 36-38. Metz, Steven and Douglas V. Johnston II. Asymmetry and U.S. Military Strategy: Definition, Background, and Strategic Concepts (Carlisle: U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, 2001). Nawroz, Mohammed Yahya, General, Army of Afghanistan (Retired), and Lester W. Grau, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired), “The Soviet War in Afghanistan: History and Harbinger of Future War?” from Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas (1995) at (January 2003). Oland, Dwight. North Apennines: The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II. U.S. Army Center of Military History Publication 72-34 at (April 2003). Pustam, Anil R. “Mountain Air Support Demands Special Equipment and Training.” United States Naval Institute Proceedings Vol. 126 No. 9 (September 2000): 70-71. Puttre, Michael. “How’d They Do?” Journal of Electronic Defense Vol. 25 No. 9 (September 2002): 44. Rikhye, Ravi. “The Northern Light Infantry in the Kargil Operations, 1999.” Bharat Rakshak Monitor Vol. 3 No. 6 (May-June 2001) at (April 2002). Sawhney, Pravin. “Himalayan Conflict Forges Artillery Doctrine.” Jane’s International Defense Review (March 1999): 56-59. Segal, Gerald. Defending China (London: Oxford University Press, 1990). Sengupta, Prasun K. “Mountain Warfare: The Kargil Experience.” Asian Defence Journal No. 10 (October 1999): 42-46. Sengupta, Prasun K. “Mountain Warfare and Tri Service Operations.” Asian Defence Journal No. 11 (November 1999): 24-29. Shinseki, Eric, General, U.S. Army. “Hearing on the Cancellation of the Crusader Program.” Testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, 16 May 2002. Singh, Amarinder. A Ridge Too Far: War in the Kargil Heights 1999 (Delhi: Tulika, 2001). 82 Sreedharan, Chindu. “Flying in the Face of Danger.” Rediff (June 1999) at (August 2002). Subramanian, L.N. “A Ridge Too Far: The Battle for Tololing.” Bharat Rakshak Monitor Vol. 3 No. 6 (May-June 2001) at (April 2002). Technical Note 9402 Medical Problems in High Mountain Environments (Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, February 1994). The Kargil Review Committee Report (Delhi: Sage Publications, 2000). U.S. Army Field Manual 3-97.6 Mountain Operations (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 28 November 2000). U.S. Army Field Manual 23-10 Sniper Training (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 17 August 1994). U.S. Army Field Manual 31-70 Basic Cold Weather Manual (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 12 April 1968). U.S. Army Field Manual 9-207 Operation and Maintenance of Ordnance Material in Cold Weather (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 20 March 1998). Verma, Ashok Kalyan, Major General, Indian Army (Retired). Kargil: Blood on the Snow (Delhi: Manohar, 2002). 83 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 84

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