Iui History

HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL HUMAN REPRODUCTION B.C. 4004f. From our very first ancestors onward, for almost 58 centuries all fetuses except Jesus were conceived from sexual intercourse by their human fathers. All without exception, Jesus too, were gestated in the wombs of their biological human mothers. Hippocrates: "I will not give a woman a pessary to produce abortion."

450f.

A.D. 1790f.

London. First reported successful artificial inseminations from husband (AIH), engineered by Dr. John Hunter. U.S.A. First recorded successful AIH in the New World. U.S.A. First recorded artificial insemination from Donor (AID). England. H.G. Wells 's book The Island of Dr. Moreau anticipates cellular engineering upon animals - producing humanoid manbeasts which obey, and perform menial tasks for, their human master. U.S.A. Aldous Huxley, grandson of the famous evolutionist T.H. Huxley, publishes his book Brave New World - a "25thcentury" nightmare of genetically-engineered humans manufactured in test-tubes. U.S.A. Unsuccessful first attempts at human in fertilization (IVF), by Harvard 's Dr. John Rock. U.S.A. First published. Kinsey Report on human sexual vitro

1866. 1884.

1896.

1932.

1944f.

1948.

behaviour

1948.

World Medical Association 's Declaration of Geneva: "I will maintain the utmost respect for human life from the time of conception; even under threat I will not use my medical knowledge contrary to the laws of humanity." Successful sperm. freezing and subsequent thawing of animal

1949.

1949.

Following some Protestant Theologians, also Pope Pius XII condemns artificial inseminations from Donors (AID). Successful embryo transfer from one cow to another. First calf successfully reproduced from thawed-out prefrozen semen; and first successful cloning of frogs from tadpole cells.

1951. 1952.

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1952.

American G.I. George changed by operation into Christine Jorgenson. American Model Penal Code would decriminalize all laws against private sexual behaviour between consenting adults. From 1961 onward, enacted into law in one State after the other.

1955.

1956.

Following the Lutheran Dr. Otto Dibelius and the Calvinist Ethicist Dr. Brillenburg Wurth, also Pope Pius XII condemns AIH. Britain. Wolfenden homosexuality. Report urges decriminalization of

1957.

1958.

Dr. Anthony P. Waterson, Professor of Microbiology at St. Thomas ' Hospital Medical School, insists: "The segregation or sterilization of those who are thought to be undesirable as breeders is a serious offence to human freedom.... The ultimate logic of the adoption of eugenic measures would lead to mass artificial insemination by selected Donors (AID)." Charles Eric Maine 's book World Without Men and Poul Anderson 's book Virgin Planet anticipate genderless cloning - by positing a future World without sex. First live rabbit reproduced by way of IVF. Italy. Dr. Petrucci 's monstrous human IVF-embryo "terminated" after being alive for several weeks since being brought into being. U.S.A. Supreme Court relaxes traditional notions obscenity, unleasing a whole flood of pornography. of

1958f.

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Sheep-embryos mailed from England inside a live rabbit, and later brought to birth after nidation into ewes in South Africa. U.S.A. Betty Friedan 's book The Feminine Mystique launches the "Women 's Liberation Movement." First use of frozen sperm in attempting to engineer human IVF. New York. Court rules AID baby is illegitimate - even if and when the recipient 's husband consented to the AID. Dr. Beatrice Mintz experiments with embryos of mice, and succeeds in fusing them. She then places the fused embryos in the wombs of mice and produces individuals with four Tiny Human Life page - 612 -

1963.

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(and not just two) natural parents. By 1980, after the World 's first test-tube baby had been born, Dr. A.C. Varga would state: "Multiple parenthood would be possible for human beings also." 1967. U.S.A. Court rulings that AID-babies legitimate if husband consents. Britain. New homosexuality. Sexual Offences Act decriminalizes

1967.

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Britain. New Abortion Act basically decriminalizes abortion as such. This paves the way for increased embryo experimentation, and also especially toward the epochmaking 1973 U.S. decision of Roe v. Wade. Denmark. All laws against pornography abolished. Holland. Catholic priest purports to conduct marriage of sodomites. New York. Police raid prompts launching of "Gay Liberation Movement" - leading to later demands for legalizing the impregnating of males. England. First successful IVF of a human egg (yet not to independent viability). U.S.A. Commission on Obscenity 's recommendations that laws against pornography be abolished, described as "morally bankrupt" by U.S. President Richard Nixon. First successful cloning of mouse-embryo clones. Further, actual mouse-embryos themselves are successfully grown on the eyes of male mice. The latter represents the first case of "male pregnancy." Princeton. Presbyterian Rev. Professor Dr. Paul Ramsay and Catholic Dr. B. Haering and Jewish Medical Ethicist Dr. F. Rosner, all rightly claim human cloning would be so impersonal as to undermine parenthood. In human cloning, only one 'parent ' of either sex would be required. This could easily give other men not used in cloning, the feeling of being castrated - and it could also easily give women not used in cloning, the feeling of being redundant. The separation of cloning from human sexual intercourse would dehumanize. It would inevitably break down the family and even society as a whole. U.S.A. Dr. Landrum B. Shettles 's first human IVF-embryo successfully implanted into a second woman but then later excided. Dr. Joseph Fletcher: "It would be justifiable not only to Tiny Human Life page - 613 -

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specialize the capacity of people by cloning or by constructing genetic engineering, but also to bio-engineer or bio-design para-humans." 1971. Dr. James D. Watson, who received the Nobel Prize in 1962 for breaking the DNA code, warns a congressional committee of the dangers of experiments in these areas and sounds a note of warning in his article Moving Towards the Clonal Man, Is That What We Want? First live mice obtained from frozen mouse embryos. Chicago. Non-religious University Biologist Dr. Leon Kass condemns attempts through IVF to 'manufacture ' humans and warns against asexual efforts to reproduce them. In all attempts to clone humans, we have "a divorce of the generation of new life from human sexuality - and ultimately from the confines of the human body." If human cloning should ever succeed, "sexual intercourse will no longer be needed for generating new life. This novelty leads to two others. There is a new Co-progenitor: the Embryologist-Geneticist-Physician. And there is a new home for generation: the laboratory. The mysterious and intimate processes of generation are to be moved from the darkness of the womb to the bright [fluorescent] light of the laboratory." First pedigree-calf pedigree-embryo. via incubator-cow from frozen

1972. 1972.

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President J.F. Kennedy portrayed as a clone in Nancy Freedman 's book Joshua, Son of None - a pun on "Joshua the son of Nun" in Joshua 1:1. New York. Court rules AID-baby is legitimate when the mother 's husband consented to the insemination of his wife with donated semen. New York. Thwarted American attempt at IVF. Doris Del Zio had an egg removed by one Doctor, and then conveyed to another. The latter fertilized it with the husband 's sperm, and then put it in an incubator. The next day his Hospital Superior, Dr. Vande Wiele, accused him of unethical practices - and caused the incubator to be unsealed (thus killing the embryo). Mr. & Mrs. Del Zio then successfully sued the hospital and Vande Wiele for $50 000. Yet when that hospital opened its own IVF program in 1983, Vande Wiele was its Co-Director. Roe v. Wade: U.S. Supreme Court alleges women have a "constitutional right" to receive abortions. Situation Ethics ' Rev. Dr. Joseph Fletcher (in his book Tiny Human Life page - 614 -

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The Ethics of Genetic Control: Ending Reproductive Roulette) says IVF-babies would be "more human" than those produced in the usual way by "subhuman" methods such as our present "sexual roulette." Fletcher anticipates and almost welcomes complete animal-human hybrids - if they could protect real humans from danger, disease, or unpleasant occupations. Though less intelligent than man, they could either happily or unfeelingly execute unattractive tasks and do boring jobs and thus relieve real humans for more exalted pursuits. Clones could even donate organs to one another [and also to real humans?]. Thus, cloning would become necessary - to construct 'people ' for special tasks requiring special physical or 'mental ' characteristics. Smaller size 'people ' should be made for the task of extra-terrestrial exploration. For they would better adapt to the rigours of space travel than normal-sized human beings. 1974. Princeton 's Prof. Ramsay states human IVF is against Matt. 19:4-6f. World Federation of Doctors Who Respect Life launched condemning abortion, euthanasia and the weird new human reproductive attempts. World Medical Association 's Declaration of Helsinki states that "concern for the interests of the subject of biomedical research must always prevail over the interests of science and society." It concludes: "In research on man, the interest of science and society should never take precedence over considerations related to the wellbeing of the subject." This discourages all experimentation on human embryos not having a therapeutic intent for the embryo concerned. At Brookhaven National Laboratory, human cells and tobacco plant cells are fused and grown in combination. Professor Dr. Paul Segal of the University of California Department of Microbiology predicts the first human being would be cloned well before the year 2000 A.D. Hungarian Biologists report they have successfully fused and grown HeLa human cells with those of carrots. (HeLa human cells are tumour cells derived from a cancer patient many years ago.) U.S.A. Under public pressure, grants for IVF-research are stopped. The first man was cloned already in 1976 (and indeed from a multimillionaire) - opines David Rorvik in his book In His Image: The Cloning of a Man.

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Ben Bova 's book Multiple Man contemplates several clones of the U.S. President. One of those clones "himself" then becomes President. Ira Levin 's book The Boys from Brazil portrays Neo-Nazi migrants in South America - busy cloning a batch of ersatz little Hitlers. Switzerland. Rev. Dr. Francis A. Schaeffer: "In the call for full genetic engineering, the door is wide open for the most far-reaching manipulation. The call concerns who should have children and what kind of children they should have. It is a call for a group in society to determine what kind of people is wanted, and a call to set out to make them genetically." New York. Episcopalian Bishop Moore ordains a lesbian as a priest. Iran. Ayatollah Khomeini 's Little Green Book (of 'Islamic Fundamentalism ') condemns those who sodomize camels. New York. A man and his wife successfully sue their Doctor for allowing the destruction of their IVF-embryo before implantation. Britain. In re Shirk 's Estate. M & F, an unmarried couple, contract with W for the latter to be inseminated with M 's sperm - provided W, after the resulting pregnancy, would surrender her baby at birth to M & F for 500 Pounds. When W relents, and reneges, M & F sue for custody of the child. But the Presiding Judge rightly rules the contract is contra bonos mores, unenforceable, and indeed also quite "pernicious." England. World 's first human test-tube baby, Louise Brown, delivered by Drs. Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe. (In 1982, however, Dr. Edwards would be accused of experimenting with human embryos.) Dr. Landrum B. Shettles engineers a human nucleus derived from a human spermatological cell - the diploid precursor of the mature haploid sperm. A human egg was enucleated with a micropipette. After a few procedures, three ova resulted - which then formed small clusters of cells or morulae. They were then discarded. Dr. Shettles suggests normal development would have resulted, had the morulae been inserted in the uteruses of humans. Dr. Robert McKinnell: "Removal of a fertilized egg from the reproductive tract of a woman, could be considered an abortion.... To clone a human, the fertilized egg must be enucleated. That means that a nascent human being must be Tiny Human Life page - 616 -

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eliminated." 1979. U.S.A. Illinois Legislature makes any Doctor who undertakes an IVF procedure, the legal custodian of the embryo and liable to possible prosecution for child abuse. U.S.A. The EAB (or Ethics Advisory Board) of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare recommends (in its Report of the Ethics Advisory Board) that HEW lift the ban against IVF subject to three preconditions - which would tend to retard IVF experimentation in the United States. Viz.: "[1] The public must be told of any evidence that IVF produces a higher number of abnormal fetuses. [2] Embryos should only be formed from the sperm and eggs of 'lawfully-married couples. ' [3] Experimentation must be done only during the first fourteen days after fertilization" - even though the actual time required between natural conception and the natural nidation of the embryo in the womb is only some four days. U.S.A. Family Policy Division of the Free Congress Research and Education Foundation publishes its Review of the Report of the Ethics Advisory Board - stating "that the Board 's own case for its conclusions is a logical shambles" and even "ethically incoherent." It points to the dangers of extra-uxorial conception; known deformities caused by chemicallyinduced hyperovulation and IVF; the experimentation surrounding embryo selection; and damage through freezing etc. All of this tends to retard the further development of America 's human IVF programme until at least the early 'nineties. Sheep embryos cloned (1979), and cattle embryos cloned (1980). In their 1980 study Cloning: Miracle or Menace? Lester and Hefley give the following arguments in favour of human cloning: it is a great way to perpetuate genius; it can provide soldier- and servant-classes of people; it can improve the human race; it can prevent genetic disease in a selected posterity; it can exchange body parts; it can provide a genotype of one 's (living or dead) spouse, of a deceased parent, or of some other departed loved one; it can provide a form of immortality for Donors; and it can determine the sex of future children. World. 40 million abortions annually: one out of four pregnancies! California. Opening of the Repository for Germinal Choice, which would use sperm donated by Nobel Prizewinners. By 1984, Founder Dr. Robert Graham said of the repository 's fifteen children: "We 're proud of our results. These kids will sail through schools. We are indicating how good human beings can have it." Tiny Human Life page - 617 -

1979.

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By now, 4000 Americans have undergone Medicare-subsidized sex-change operations and become transsexuals. Melbourne. Australia 's first test-tube baby born (Candice Reid). Brisbane. Presbyterian Church of Queensland resolves to "affirm: the Biblical teaching of the Right to Life, especially as this applies to the unborn child; that all life is sacred to God; and that human life is a gift of God from conception." England. Even Dr. Edwards, together with Dr. Steptoe the pioneer of the World 's first successful human birth by IVF, admits that a human embryo also before nidation is "a microscopic human being." Melbourne. World 's first test-tube twins. Australia would be the birthplace of the next ten IVF babies. Professor Carl Wood, Leader of Monash University 's IVF Team, talks of "super babies and genetic engineering" - and claims a human embryo conceived and frozen in 1981 might only get "born" 400 years later. His Associate Dr. W. Walters claims it "possible to launch into space specially-cloned small humans or frozen embryo hatcheries, to colonise planets...within 50 years." U.S.A. Syrkowski v. Appleyard. Detroit Circuit Court Judge Gribbs refuses to recognize George Syrkowski as the father of Corinne Apple yard 's child, even though George and his wife had contracted to pay Corinne $10 000 for bearing his child. Reason: Michigan has no state laws regulating the hire of surrogate mothers. Yet in a similar case in Kentucky, the Judge upholds the "contract" and even calls that same arrangement: "adoption." Thus in the lair of Lincoln, more than a century after the 'alleged ' abolition of slavery - and certainly long before the abolition of still-illegal kidnapping! U.S.A. Mr. & Mrs. James Noyes hire Mrs. Nisa Bhimani to be inseminated artifically with sperm from James, and to bear his child. When Mrs. Bhimani later refuses to surrender her baby (Ricky), James sues for custody. However, when his sterile wife Mrs. Bjorna Noyes admits to being a transsexual (earlier known as Mr. Robert Lawson), James withdraws the lawsuit and forfeits all visitation rights in return for his being listed as the father on Ricky 's birth certificate. Sydney. Australian lesbian gives birth to a baby conceived after she inseminated herself with a 'semen cocktail ' mixed from the sperms obtained from four of her Tiny Human Life page - 618 -

1980.

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male friends. 1981. U.S.A. Carr). First American IVF-baby born (Elizabeth Jordan

1981.

Melbourne. By December, Australia alone has produced fully twelve of the world 's first sixteen IVF babies. 200 000+ Americans and Europeans now born via artificial insemination. Britain. Warnock Committee reports that research on embryos up to fourteen days old should be permitted, but use of surrogate mothers should be forbidden. Sir John Peel, former President of the British Medical Association, warns that society is confronting "the brink of something almost like the atomic bomb." Chairman of the Australian Law Reform Commission Mr. Justice Kirby emphasises that only the naive could think cloning will never happen. "Such sceptics should read our recent human history, not least the way in which the distinguished German medical profession was diverted into Hitler 's experimentation. It is but forty years since there was talk of a master race and experiments were conducted on live humans.... Without legal regulation, it is sure that scientists somewhere will continue this experimentation." Dr. P.K. Smith, Professor of Medicine at the University of Melbourne, says in the British Medical Journal: "The medico-legal difficulties surrounding IVF are immense. The issues include the risk of deformity or defect and degree of risk, and the rights of the child to claim compensation.... If the child conceived in vitro cannot claim compensation, should the parents or the researchers bear this burden?" Melbourne. Dr. William Walters, Associate Professor of Obstetrics & Gynaecology at Monash University and a Member of Melbourne 's Queen Victoria Hospital IVF Team, co-edits the book Test-Tube Babies. There, he himself admits that "IVF and ET...almost pale into insignificance...when suggestions...are made about cloning, ectogenesis, and hybridisation.... The success of IVF and ET in man paves the way for [such] related techniques.... If frozen embryos were sent into space - once at their destination on another World" they could be thawed out and "matured by ectogenesis." Also on Earth, "ectogenesis would spare women from the ordeal of pregnancy" and from the "labour and delivery" now producing that "feminist view of childbirth" which views the latter as a "barbaric...deformation.... Cloning would...allow the Tiny Human Life page - 619 -

1982.

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study of the ageing process in cells, with the possibility of diminishing the rate of ageing.... Obviously, such studies would entail experimentation with the early embryo.... The embryos may have to be destroyed." 1982. Melbourne. Drs. Walters and Singer at the end of their (pro-IVF) book Test-Tube Babies: "The embryo does not count as a person.... There is no objection to experimenting on it without consent." Brisbane. Queensland Presbyterian Ethics Professor Dr. Nigel Lee conveys his theological disapproval of IVF to St. Andrew 's IVF Team Leader Dr. Hennessey. They further disagree about Dr. Lee 's characterization of abortion as "murder" except where the pregnant mother is dying. Yet that position was upheld by the Public Questions Committee in March 1983, and by the Queensland State Assembly in May 1983. Adelaide. Overduin and Fleming at the end of their (antiIVF) book Life in a Test Tube point out that through hyperovulation, surplus test-tube embryos are being produced. They add: "IVF-embryos are not being 'sacrificed ' to save another person 's life. Rather, it is the sacrifice of many lives in the hope of one pregnancy.... Most IVF programs require the woman to have an amniocentesis, if she becomes pregnant. They then abort any 'defective ' child.... To see IVF as aiding and abetting nature, is to fail to see it in its total context. Once the complete separation of the unitive and generative aspects of intercourse is accepted; once conception is seen as distinct from sexual intercourse, and the wastage of human embryos seen as ethically acceptable - there is no final objecting to surrogate motherhood, cloning or the complete gestation of the fetus in an artificial womb." Melbourne. The Roman Catholic Bishops of Victoria strongly condemn human IVFs, declaring: "No process is morally or socially acceptable - or condonable by the law - which involves destroying, discarding or 'freezing ' human embryos, using them as objects of experimentation, or using them as therapeutic resource material. Out of the mouth of one of the World 's first successful pair of IVFPractitioners [viz. Dr. Robert Edwards in 1981], we have the statement that the zygote is 'a microscopic human being '.... The law...is to protect human beings - of all colours, shapes, sizes and stages of development or decline. For the law to acquiesce in the destruction, the abruption of normal development, or the 'use ' of this or any sort of human individual - would be for it to take a giant stride in the direction of the attitude: 'Some human beings are not worth keeping. ' Tiny Human Life page - 620 -

1982.

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Britain. On TV, Dr. Snowdon accuses certain Australian Doctors of buying British embryos for the purpose of experimentation. Vatican. Pope John Paul II states: "The practice of keeping alive human embryos in vivo or in vitro for experimental or commercial purposes is totally opposed to human dignity.... I condemn in the most explicit and formal way experimental manipulations of the human embryo, since the human being from conception to death cannot be exploited for any purpose whatsoever." Melbourne. Queen Victoria Medical Centre Ethics Committee approves of anonymous embryo adoption. Melbourne. World 's first frozen test-tube human embryo thawed out and successfully implanted (after 13 previously-failed attempts). Melbourne. World 's first human embryo from a donated sperm and a donated egg successfully implanted. U.S.A. Princeton 's famous Presbyterian Bio-ethicist Rev. Professor Dr. Paul Ramsay sends his Submission to the British Governmental Inquiry into Human Fertilization and Embryology. There, he warns: "No hope should be placed in merely national governments or medical association regulations. Already in Australia, experiments in freezing [human] embryos have gone beyond what the British Inquiry may approve.... I urge that the Inquiry take the lead in pressing upon the European Parliament, the United Nations, or other international bodies, the need to monitor and control the use of the knowledge of human genetics that DNA has opened to us.... Even now, certain powers [Red China was meant] were producing physically superior soldiers." Brisbane. Demack Committee appointed, re possible 1984 law change in Queensland as regards AID and IVF. March 8. Public Questions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of Queensland approves its Report condemning "any human attempt to abort" as "murder in the sight of God wherever such attempt results in the death of a fertilized human ovum"; and as "attempted murder in those cases where the foetus unexpectedly survives." March 14. Queensland Presbyterian Professor of Ethics Dr. Lee sends Demack Committee material against abortion and IVF. England. World 's first (unexpected) AID-IVF Coloured baby Tiny Human Life page - 621 -

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born to a White woman - angering the White couple, which requested an AID-IVF. 1983. Germany. High Court rules that a nine-month fetus is not a person. Melbourne. World 's first ongoing pregnancy from a frozen embryo. Melbourne. Miscarriage (at 10 weeks) of World 's first implanted embryo from a donated sperm and a donated egg. Monash 's Prof. Short says possible for a conceptus to be removed from a human mother before implantation, and then to be implanted into another woman. Such an "earlyadoption" delivery is expected in the U.S. later in 1983, and could become common practice. Monash 's Prof. Leeton agrees that this would be easier and cheaper than IVF. Australia. Presbyterian Church of Queensland condemns AID, complete human ectogenesis, surrogate motherhood, cloning, and abortion. PCQ affirms "abortion is always unacceptable - except where at least two competent medical authorities (other than the one under consideration to perform the abortion) deem the abortion essential to protect the life of a mother or of her prenatal child (or children), when threatened with immediate death should the pregnancy continue.... If and when the rare contingency mentioned...should ever arise, everything medically possible [must] also be done to try to ensure the continuation of the lives of all that are thus being threatened." Australia. Presbyterian Church of New South Wales requests the state to limit IVF to married couples, and by onlyone-embryo-at-a-time. It urges legislation forbidding [human] cloning, genetic engineering, surrogate motherhood, human/animal hybrids, and embryo-freezing. Adelaide. World 's first test-tube triplets born. Melbourne. World 's first human pregnancy with a previously-frozen thawed-out embryo - miscarries after 24 weeks. Melbourne. Second Australian frozen embryo implantation attempt. Monash IVF Team 's Prof. Wood says: "It hasn 't a great chance of success, because the techniques are still new." However, this is very clearly a tacit admission of experimenting upon human embryos. New South Wales legislation announces: AID-children will be regarded as the "legal" seed of a consenting husband. IVF-children will be regarded as the "legal" heirs even of Tiny Human Life page - 622 -

1983.

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unmarried couples - and even if the sperm (but not the egg) was donated. 1983. Brisbane. IVF Team 's Head Dr. Hennessey announces six Queensland women are three months pregnant with implanted IVF-embryos. Canberra. National Health and Medical Research Council says it is in order to experiment on dying human fetuses not yet dead. Melbourne. Victorian Government gives the go-ahead for all forms of IVF, despite much opposition. It allows IVFbabies from donated sperms and eggs to be implanted even into unmarried alien women and to become their "legal" children. Melbourne. Dr. Tonti-Filippini of St. Vincent 's Hospital says less than 10% of IVF-procedures produce successful pregnancies. IVFs are expensive: socially; psychologically; financially (about $2000 each). GIFT (alias Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer) is first used on humans. In general, it would be employed in tandem with hyperovulation. GIFT involves placing sperm and eggs within the fallopian tube at the time of the laparoscopy, or at the time of using ultrasound alias TUDOR (or Tubal Ultrasonic Duplicated Ova Recovery) for the collection of human eggs hyperovulated artificially (as pioneered in Britain by Professor Dr. Ian Donald). Because GIFT fertilization occurs in viva and not in vitro, it is not regarded as immoral by the Roman Catholic Church (provided not accompanied by masturbation nor by the use of an unperforated condom). Yet medically, GIFT would prove to be a rather more perilous procedure than even IVF. Britain. Immunologist Dr. David White writes in his Future Possible Uses and Abuses of IVF: "Production of [human] allophenes or tetroparentals might be manipulated. The production of such hybrids is a routine laboratory procedure for those working with rodents.... When one considers the genetic parentage of the mule, one wonders if there are any such barriers to cross-species production. Thus one must speculate on the possibility of producing allophenes between species, a man/monkey cross for example.... It might be possible to colonise the sea by creating a hybrid amphibian mutant species containing human characteristics." Melbourne. World 's first test-tube quadruplets born. Melbourne. First human transplant. World 's first baby born to a mother from an embryo formed by her husband 's sperm Tiny Human Life page - 623 -

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and a Donor 's egg. 1984. Melbourne. pregnant. Dr. Trounson says grandmothers can now get

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Canberra. Prof. Morris of Curtin Medical School at the Australian National University says: "It will be possible for a woman to produce on one particular day a litter of say ten embryos...[to be] transplanted into a recipient human womb" or even multiple wombs. "It will become possible to produce identical twins and genetic copies of one or the other parent. Eventually, the possibility will present itself for a woman to have a mother-child relationship with herself. This could be done by dividing an early embryo into segments, implanting one segment into a surrogate mother, and storing the others, deep frozen. "A female child produced from the transplanted segment, will be able (on reaching sexual maturity) to act as the host to the other part of the divided embryo [herself], after it has been reanimated from the frozen state.... The possibility of giving birth to oneself provides the...prospect of extending an individual 's existence beyond that of a single lifespan.... The indefinite replication of somatic cells will offer man eternal life."

1984.

Washington. U.S. President Reagan: "How can we survive as a free nation when some decide that others are not fit to live and should be done away with? ... We 've permitted the death of fifteen million helpless innocents since the Roe versus Wade decision.... Medical Science-Doctors confirm that when the lives of the unborn are snuffed out, they often feel pain - pain that is long and agonizing." Perth. Australia 's third set of test-tube triplets born. Perth. Head of Perth 's IVF Team, Dr. Yovitch, says experimentation on human test-tube embryos before implantation should be permitted. Microscopic examination assessing embryo quality involves sacrificing the embryo. The ethical and legal framework would be established - so as to be able to experiment on live human embryos. Brisbane. Demack recommendations. Committee completes its pro-IVF

1984. 1984.

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Sydney. Test-tube twins born to a previously-sterilized woman. New Jersey. Married mother Valerie with her husband 's approval receives $10 000 plus expenses from a childless couple in New York to bear for them an AID-child from the couple 's husband 's sperm. Tiny Human Life page - 624 -

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London. British Medical Association rightly says it is unethical for other women to bear for childless couples. Brisbane. Dr. N. Lee 's Report on Human Reproduction is approved by the Public Questions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of Queensland, and is transmitted to the Queensland State Assembly. Brisbane. Queensland 's first two test-tube babies born viz. as twins. IVF Team Head Dr. Hennessey said 18 more pregnancies are underway, and 400 "sub-fertile" couples are on the waiting list. The Brisbane IVF Team would, he said, soon move its headquarters from St. Andrew 's to Wesley Hospital. Melbourne. World 's first frozen-embryo baby girl, Zoe Leyland, born from a thawed-out previously-frozen human embryo. Her mother, who by hormonal stimulation simultaneously produced eleven eggs (one of which became Zoe), later said: "I felt like a pumpkin ready to burst." Victorian Premier Cain warns: "The Brave New World [of Aldous Huxley] is now upon us." Victoria. New Bill proposed: to legalize the freezing of human embryos and laboratory experiments on them; to dispossess children from donated sperms and eggs of their genetic parents; and to offer even donated sperms and eggs through AID and IVF also to unmarried couples. AttorneyGeneral Kennan says the Bill is a "model for all Australian jurisdictions." Brisbane. Dr. Lee urges the State Premier Sir Joh BjelkePetersen: "Accept God 's providence in childless marriages, but don 't play God!" Yet the Queensland Cabinet goes ahead, and adopts the Demack Report. That, while discouraging prostitutional rent-a-wombs and the creating of embryos for experimentation - still allows for AID by consent, and also for IVF even from donated sperm and eggs. It even recommends that stable unmarried de facto couples be permitted to adopt - who should then become the legal parents. Brisbane. Queensland Health Minister Dr. B. Austin says a public IVF unit would in time be established at Brisbane 's Royal Women 's Hospital, by licence, at about $2000 per procedure. Brisbane. Reaction to the Melbourne freezing of embryos. Anglican Rev. Dr. Morgan: "We are pleased it has been established...because it reduces wastage of fertilised embryos. The problem is...whether they should be implanted Tiny Human Life page - 625 -

1984.

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in the body of anyone other than the woman from whom the ovum came initially." St. Luke 's Medical Guild 's Dr. David O 'Sullivan: "No one knows the risks to the baby being born from the frozen embryo..... It is an unacceptable experiment on human life." 1984. Test-tube Pioneer Dr. Patrick Steptoe says we will soon be able to tell the gender of IVF-embryos before implantation "to eliminate some of the sex-linked diseases" (and/or embryos of unwanted gender?). Vatican condemns IVF-masturbation and embryo-freezing. Adelaide. South Australian Government approves freezing of embryos for birth (for up to ten years thereafter), but bans their use for experimentation or surrogacy. Brisbane. Queensland National Party Government sympathetic to stop abortions in Townsville, (but ALP says it would "vigorously oppose"). Brisbane. Uniting Church President (Rev. Prof. R.A. Busch) opens the new headquarters (at Wesley Hospital) for Dr. Hennessey 's IVF Team (formerly of St. Andrew 's Hospital) saying their frozen fertilized eggs could be used during the lifetime of the married couple. Melbourne. Monash 's IVF Team 's Professor Carl Wood explains it was reported a human female had been mated with a monkey in China, and that "the resulting pregnancy had been aborted" but that "theoretically an attempt at hybridization could be made." London. World 's second test-tube quadruplets born, to an unmarried sterilized woman, from six test-tube embryos fertilized by sperm from her unmarried boyfriend and then implanted into her by one Dr. Robert Winston. When married thrice previously, she had produced four other children by way of normal pregnancies. Alarmed by what he now calls the "Brave New World of Test-Tube Babies" - even IVFPioneer Dr. Robert Edwards, Co-Producer of the World 's first test-tube baby, condemns these new artificial multiple-embryo implantations into one who had produced several children of her own before that time. Brisbane. The Presbyterian Church of Queensland 's General Assembly receives its Public Questions Committee 's 1984 Report on Human Reproduction (written by Dr. Lee) - but neither approved nor disapproved of it. By 1995, however after the PCQ 's 1989 Report and 1992 Report alleged the use of AID and the destruction of frozen embryos even in premises connected to St. Andrew 's - the QSA would begin in earnest to see the implications of what had been Tiny Human Life page - 626 -

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happening during the previous decade, even as Dr. Lee had warned in 1983-84. 1984. Canberra. Eva Learner, of Victoria 's IVF Enquiry Team, says: "If you have a million or ten million frozen embryos tucked away in a bomb-proof basement, you need no longer fear that by starting an all-out nuclear war you will exterminate the human race." Melbourne 's Prof. Wood says 25 test-tube babies surveyed, showed they were more intelligent and superior in many ways to natural babies. Brisbane. Veterinary Anatomy Professor Tim Glover says a World of genetically-bred super-athletes is on the way. "Even if there was a law against scientists doing these things, all you would do is slow the process.... Anything is possible.... Maybe eventually society will come to think nothing of it." Melbourne. Feminist Dr. Robyn Rowland resigns as the Director of the Queen Victoria Infertility Clinic, saying: "The state is actively creating babies.... Some developments are morally reprehensible" and "a means of radically manipulating human beings to satisfy someone else 's arbitrary requirements.... No notice has been taken of the fact that 95% of the new human beings created in the program die soon after fertilisation.... Experimentation has been a key part of the program. Embryos had been deliberately developed in vitro, for experiments beyond the point where they could successfully be implanted.... It was impossible to expect selfrestraint from the experimenters." Sydney. After Melbourne IVF-scientists announce transsexual ex-men could achieve pregnancy by having testtube embryos transplanted into their abdomens, transvestite Phillip McKernan announces in a newpaper report that he would like to settle down with a man and have a baby. U.S.A. World 's first two "flushed" egg-donated babies born. With this new (patent pending) non-surgical "flushing" technique of Dr. J. Buster, the egg-donor is inseminated with sperm from the husband of another woman who cannot conceive but who can gestate a child. If fertilization follows, the embryo is "flushed out" of the Donor painlessly, and then implanted into the womb of the man 's sterile wife. But if such "flushing" fails, the Donor faces an unwanted pregnancy. Suddenly reported that California executor of the estate of the U.S. millionaires Mario & Elsa Rios, who died Tiny Human Life page - 627 -

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together in a plane crash in Chile during 1983, had just learned they had two embryos frozen in a Melbourne Clinic during 1981. The Clinic now had to decide whether: a) to allow the embryos to die; b) to keep them frozen indefinitely; c) to use them for experiments; or d) to find them surrogate mothers who could then claim on the Rios 's estate. 1984. Melbourne. The IVF Team 's Professor Wood denies Mrs. Rios was the biological mother of the Rios embryos yet also says "death or divorce of a couple raised the issue of whether embryos have legal status and...can be subject to donation, disposal or custody." Later this same year, Otto Friedrich - in a medical article (A Legal, Moral, Social Nightmare subtitled Society Seeks to Define the Problems of the Birth Revolution) - would insist it was indeed Mrs. Rios 's fertilized eggs that had been frozen. The Victorian Right to Life organization urges the Victorian Government to appoint a legal guardian for the embryos - and to "enable these babies to survive and develop normally." The State 's Attorney-General says maybe the embryos are not "owned" by anyone - but that the IVF Team seems to be thumbing its nose at the State Government, by pushing on with its own projects despite all the legal problems. Queensland Right to Life organization says Victoria 's Attorney-General seems to accept the idea of "ownership" of human beings - and that if the new American technique to "flush" embryos out of natural mothers and implant them into donor wombs were patented, it would mean one human being would be "owned" by another for the first time in America since its termination of slavery. Brisbane IVF Team 's Dr. Hennessey says he is "in favour of embryos being adopted, but in this [Rios] case it would be in the best interests of all those concerned if the embryos were disposed of.... There are a lot of Australian girls who would be willing to be implanted with the embryos." St. Luke 's Medical Guild Spokesman, Dr. O 'Sullivan, says: "I don 't believe the [Rios] embryos should be discarded.... Attempts should be made to keep them alive, but...it is unlikely they will survive. It is a case of Scientists being more concerned about playing with life, rather than promoting it." The South Australian Minister of Health, Dr. Cornwall, says frozen human embryos stored in state hospitals would be destroyed if the domestic relationship of the "parents" was terminated through death or separation. All couples entering the program would be required to sign papers to this effect. To this, Dr. Kerin, Head of Adelaide 's IVF Program in Adelaide, replies he could not follow his State Government 's regulations for destruction of frozen embryos Tiny Human Life page - 628 -

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and would have to resign if the Government refused to change its stand embryos should be given to childless frozen embryo is destined to develop as 1984.

South Australian - because "spare" couples, and "the a human being."

Regarding the possibly-increased risk of abnormalities in such babies produced specifically from frozen embryos, IVF-pioneer Dr. P. Steptoe remarks: "We need more research before we know for sure." Mrs. Corinne Parpalaix, whose husband died in 1983, successfully sues a French sperm bank for custody of her deceased spouse 's sperm so that she could then receive AIH. Vatican observes that the IVF debate has been sharpened by the case of the Rios 's orphaned embryos, and also by the recent court action of Mrs. Parpalaix in seeking impregnation with frozen sperm from her dead husband. Says the Pope 's adviser, Research Institute for Family Studies Consultant Professor Carlo Carraro: "Married couples do not have the right to have a child, only to perform the act from which they may have a child.... The child is not due to them.... He [or she] belongs to God alone." Melbourne. The Monash IVF Team 's Dr. Alan Trounson says if society accepted changing people 's sex, it should allow them to take on the social and biological functions of that sex. At least six transsexuals are interested in joining the IVF program, and experimental research could be done on embryos up to fourteen days old - instead of the eight-day limit actually used. Melbourne. The World 's first frozen embryo boy, "Frosty" Brooks, is named 'John ' - in honour of Professor John Leeton, of Monash 's IVF Team. The mother alleges her own Roman Catholic Church had accused her of committing a form of adultery, by providing eggs from her own body for use by other women in the IVF program - and that her Archbishop had told her the Church would regard her son as if he had been adopted. Sydney. The Presbyterian Church of New South Wales suggests the IVF research teams should halt experimentation, and that the NSW and the Victorian Governments should legislate against embryo freezing and experimentation. Australia. The Social Responsibilities Commission adopts view that "spare embryos" can be frozen for purpose of improving fruitfulness. Germany. A man is fined $1750 for advertizing for a woman Tiny Human Life page - 629 -

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willing to bear a child, for later adoption by a childless couple. 1984. Australia. First case of a mother having a second testtube baby, thus bringing the national number of IVF births to more than 100. Doris Freed, Family Law Head of the American Bar Association: "It 's a legal, moral and social nightmare. It 's going to take years of debate, legislation, trial and error - to figure out how to deal with these problems." In America, 24 States now have statutes for AID-babies recognizing them as legitimate (if the womb-donor 's husband consents). 24 States forbid payment to a woman who gives up a child for adoption. 22 States prohibit embryoexperimentation (which might include all cases of IVF). 6 States forbid all embryo freezing. In six years since the birth of the World 's first testtube baby in 1978, some 700 IVF infants have been born (including 65 twins, 8 triplets and 2 quadruplets). Says Law Professor John Noonan: "We really are plunging into the Brave New World." Predicts Laboratory Director Clifford Stratton: "In five years, there will be a successful IVF clinic in every U.S. city." Two related and simultaneous AID lawsuits, Malahoff v. Stiver - and Stiver v. Malahoff. For $10 000, Mrs. Judy Stiver had agreed to bear a child by AID for Alexander Malahoff. About the same time as the AID, it seems Judy had intercourse with her own husband. Later, in 1983, Judy gave birth to a microcephalic and mentally-retarded child. Malahoff then insisted on blood tests to determine the true paternity. The test results, telecast on the Phil Donahue Show, proved Malahoff could not have fathered the child. So the Stivers had to assume the custody - thus triggering off the twin law-suits. Germany. Perhaps presaging its stocking up of 'ideal ' sperm with the chromosomes required for the 'Aryan ' production of blue-eyed blondes, a Clinic in Essen advertizes that its Donors include: "no fat men; no long ears; no hook noses." Comments Union Theological Seminary 's Social Ethics Professor Roger Shinn in New York: "As long as genetic manipulation is the motive, what we would be doing is what Hitler intended to do." America. Rev. Donald McCarthy, of the Pope John XXIII Medical-Moral Research and Education Center in St. Louis, argues before a hearing of the U.S. Congress for an embryo 's human rights. Those would include: "a right not to be frozen; a right not to be destroyed; and a right not to be created at all" except as a natural consequence of Tiny Human Life page - 630 -

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"personal self-giving and conjugal love." 1984. America. Yale Medical School 's Professor Maurice Mahoney says every embryo deserves respect. "I see it as an individual human being - not with the same claims and rights as a newborn baby, but at least as an individual who calls upon me for some kind of protectiveness." Victoria. Waller Report contradictorily claims that freezing is "not inimical to the interests of the embryo" - while also admitting that 96% of all human test-tube embryos do not survive. For it states that 75% of frozen embryos examined, show some evidence of cellular damage after thawing; and that of 130 embryos thawed since January 1982, only 45 were fit for transfer and resulted in two births and three continuing pregnancies (an apparent survival rate of just 3.8%). However, it rightly disapproves of surrogate motherhood; and of producing embryos for experimentation. It even acknowledges that an embryo is "an individual and genetically unique human entity" - and it does not regard the couple whose embryo is stored, as "owning or having dominion over that embryo." Yet it still recommends that IVF teams be permitted to use human donated ova as well as donated sperm and donated embryos; and that frozen embryos be removed from storage and abandoned, if the parents die or separate, or if the mother cannot bear children. Victorian Cabinet bans surrogate parenthood for payment, and outlaws advertising for surrogate parents. Canberra. Australian National University 's Immunology Professor Dr. Bede Morris, in a lecture at the University of Adelaide Foundation, says individuals may be able to renovate their bodies by replacing worn or diseased organs with cloned components. This would involve generating and then subdividing surplus embryos to produce clones. Their parts would then be grown in a different time-frame, providing new components. "The technology for doing this in animals is already with us, and this technology can certainly be transferred to human medicine.... 100 years from now...man will be able to design new species, replicate facsimile copies of himself; reproduce asexually; and even change his biological nature." Dr. Nigel Cameron of the Rutherford Institute in Edinburgh remarks in Life and Work: "Until not so long ago the idea that children, before they are born, could be made the subjects of laboratory experimentation... would have been associated with the horrors of Medical Science under the Nazis or with some dreadful science fiction scenario. It is now recommended by the Warnock Committee...that human embryos be used, up to a certain age, for scientific Tiny Human Life page - 631 -

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research.... "This is the reversal of centuries of Jewish and Christian thinking, and to many it is the beginning of the end of civilisation.... The direction of test-tube research is toward the development of an artificial womb. There is no technical reason why the embryo should not develop all the way to term, never having seen the inside of its mother.... If the unwanted unborn can be painlessly experimented to death for the good of Science - there will come a time when the born as well as the unborn, the unloved handicapped infant, the aged and the infirm, anyone whom nobody wants...and maybe you and I among them - will be fodder for Science and its experiments." 1984. Presbyterian Professor Dr. Thomas Torrance says he finds the Warnock Report "extremely disturbing.... Many of its decisions...conflict with distinctively Christian convictions.... Scientists must accept that from the moment of conception the human embryo is genetically complete and must be treated as such.... The ground for proper law has already been cut away by the Abortion Act [of 1967] - "the greatest moral blot on the British Parliament and people this century." California. Geneticist Dr. Russel Higuchi achieves the first stage of bringing the extinct South African quagga back to life - its DNA having been revived by mixing a fragment of quagga muscle tissue from the skin of a quagga shot at the time of the Great Trek (1838) with pure DNA from a mountain zebra and then increased by inserting the fragments into a virus used to infect E. coli bacteria. These then multiplied, as too did the contaminating quagga DNA. According to the journal New Scientist, "it might indeed be possible to resurrect the quagga." Jurassic Park, here we come! In the June 1985 issue of Australian Presbyterian Living Today, Rev. Peter Barnes critiques the Anglican Les Miller 's book A Christian View of in Vitro Fertilisation. Explains the Presbyterian Barnes: "He does not consider the issue of masturbation to be exceptionally important; but it must be regarded as one of the dubious aspects of the IVF programme.... It needs to be pointed out that we are forced to grapple with these complex moral issues precisely because the widespread practice of abortion has meant that it is now very difficult to adopt children. If the evil of abortion were to be eradicated, there would be no need for the costly process of IVF - with its associated dangers of a Brave New World of surrogate mothers, cloning, and experiments on human embryos." Melbourne. Up to 400 Australian women have been given the fertility hormone gonadotrophin and/or HGH (alias Human Growth Hormone) after its possible contamination with a Tiny Human Life page - 632 -

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virus causing madness, paralysis and death. Four thustreated patients died in America and Britain of Kuru alias CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease), once common among cannibals in New Guinea. The disease used to be spread by natives eating the brains of their dead victims, and both gonadotrophin and HGH are purified today from glands removed from corpses during autopsy. The Melbourne testtube baby program 's Dr. Alan Trounson, however, says the gonadotrophin used to promote fertility in women on the IVF programme, was a form purified from urine. Big deal! Some relief! 1985. Australia. Dr. Robyn Rowland, formerly Chief Research Coordinator of the Melbourne IVF program: "The frozen embryo bank should never have been created.... No further freezing should be carried out, because of this ignorance of future problems." Brisbane. The spokesman of the Queensland Fertility Group (led by Dr. John Hennessey) says: "We refuse to freeze embryos until legislation regarding legal and ethical guidelines is passed." Yet within a month, the QFG then starts freezing embryos to save IVF women from having repeated operations. Brisbane. The Medical Guild of St. Luke 's Dr. David O 'Sullivan now attacks the Queensland Fertility Group for starting embryo freezing. "This totally contradicts their earlier promise. We are appalled at the cavalier attitude to the freezing and disposing of human embryos expressed by the QFG." Brisbane. Dr. John Hennessey 's QFG responds: "Once again the fringe minority groups, such as the extreme elements within the Medical Guild of St. Luke, come to the fore with their now-familiar antagonism noisily proclaimed to the media.... They must respect the wishes of the overwhelming majority of people, and stop trying to force their minority viewpoint on the public and the legislators." Tasmania. Senator Harradine says cloning, "spare-parts" embryos, and inter-species breeding, could become a reality - if legislation was not [soon] introduced to prevent it. He referred to the fact that suggestions were already being made about injecting male embryo brains with female hormones, so as to reduce the 'killing trait. ' Queensland. D.J. Grace, State Executive Member of the Australian Family Association, writes that the Demack Committee did not recommend freezing of embryos be allowed. Christian Churches have commented that cryopreservation is not allowable. The news that four Tiny Human Life page - 633 -

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Sydney women are suffering symptoms of AIDS from artificial insemination, demonstrates the risks involved in IVF-related procedures." 1985. Brisbane. Dr. Hiram Caton: "Medical intervention...raises serious ethical questions. IVF...is under sharp attack, and will undoubtedly attract strong disapproval - once the public fully realise[s] that the profession they are habituated to trust is playing God without a licence.... The very large number of abortions currently being performed... finds outrage, as more Australians become aware that the medical profession has sanctioned infanticide." Adelaide. World 's first pregnancy from a previously-frozen thawed egg is announced by Professor W. Jones and Dr. C. Chen. The method first freezes, then thaws, and finally fertilizes eggs - before implanting them into a woman. Australia. Monash 's Dr. Trounson says he has refused hundreds of requests from men wishing to bear babies, but adds: "It could be done by getting an embryo to implant on the bowel." Also Dr. John Parsons, Senior Registrar and Lecturer at King 's College Hospital, states: "It can be done, and undoubtedly someone will do it.... I would certainly worry about the effects on the child, particularly the child of a transsexual." Kent 's article The Birth of the Male Pregnancy (in the May 1986 issue of New Society), predicts men will be giving birth within five years. Peter Hastie 's Dums and Mads [Instead of Mums and Dads] says: "Male pregnancy could be just around the corner.... They 've already done it with mice." Says the Director of the Institute of Early Human Development at Monash University, Dr. Alan Trounson: "The technical difficulties would be enormous, and so would the ethical difficulties. But it could be done." After years of study, the Vatican 's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (in its Instruction on Respect for Human Life in its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation) finally rejects IVF as such - even within marriage - and, of course, also all experimentation on human embryos. "The corpses of human embryos and foetuses, whether they have been deliberately aborted or not, must be respected just [as much] as the remains of other human beings.... "Techniques of fertilization in vitro can open the way to other forms of biological and genetic manipulation of human embryos such as attempts or plans for fertilization between human and animal gametes and the gestation of Tiny Human Life page - 634 -

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human embryos in the uterus of animals, or the hypothesis or project of constructing artificial uteruses for the human embryo.... Twin fission, cloning or parthenogenesis are to be considered contrary to the Moral Law.... "No one, before coming into existence, can claim a subjective right to begin to exist. Nevertheless, it is legitimate to affirm the right of the child to have a fully-human origin through conception in conformity with the personal nature of the human being.... The freezing of embryos, even when carried out in order to preserve the life of an embryo - cryopreservation - constitutes an offence against the respect due to human beings.... "Certain attempts to influence chromosomic or genetic inheritance are not therapeutic but are aimed at producing human beings selected according to sex or other predetermined qualities. These manipulations are contrary to the personal dignity of the human being.... Heterologous artificial insemination [AID] is contrary to the unity of marriage, to the dignity of the spouses, to the vocation proper to parents, and to the child 's right to be conceived and brought into the World in marriage and from marriage.... 'Surrogate ' motherhood...is contrary to the unity of marriage and to the dignity of the procreation of the human person.... The link between the meanings of the conjugal act and between the goods of marriage, as well as the unity of the human being and the dignity of his origin, demand that the procreation of a human person be brought about as the fruit of the conjugal act specific to the love between spouses.... "In homologous IVF and ET therefore, even if it is considered in the context of...existing sexual relations, the generation of the human person is objectively deprived of its proper perfection: namely that of being the result and fruit of a conjugal act.... In vitro fertilization is in itself illicit and in opposition to the dignity of procreation and of the conjugal union, even when everything is done to avoid the death of the human embryo.... Masturbation...even when done for the purpose of procreation...remains deprived of its unitive meaning. It lacks the sexual relationship." 1987. Victoria 's Solicitor-General advises its Minister of Health not to put into effect a crucial but stillunproclaimed provision of the infertility legislation namely the section making it an offence (carrying up to four years imprisonment) to fertilise ova outside a woman 's body unless embryos are implanted into a human womb. Two days later, Victoria 's Waller Committee unanimously approves a new IVF procedure prohibited under the Infertility (Medical Procedures) Act of 1984 - namely Tiny Human Life page - 635 -

injecting sperm under the shell of a human egg in the first 20 hours after fertilisation. Because this experiment would destroy early human life, the Committee now arbitrarily defines '20 hours ' as the point at which human 'life ' begins. 1987. Monash IVF Team 's Dr. Trounson on the above: "We presumably can 't do any work until there are changes to the Act.... It 's a bit suffocating to think that every time we put up a new project, they 'll have to change the law." Sydney. At an international Conference on Health, Law and Ethics it is stated that a man in West Germany was already carrying twins in his abdomen - and that it is technically feasible for animals to carry implanted human babies. It is also stated that cow-eggs had been impregnated with human sperm, and then terminated before getting beyond the two-cell stage - and that 20 000 cow-humans were being created in the U.S.A. every month to test male fertility. Dr. J. Denssen-Gerber, Legislative Draftswoman for eleven American States desiring to deal with this issue, tells the Conference: "If you don 't think there are [many Dr.] Frankensteins sitting in the World 's laboratories playing God, I think you don 't really understand what 's going on." She also describes such 'Medical Practitioners ' [?!] as: "Mad Doctors." At the same Conference, Australian Philosopher and Animal Liberationist Professor Dr. Peter Singer - a Director of the Centre for Human Bioethics at Monash University argues against many of the present restrictions against human embryo research. Speaking of the human embryo, he tells the Conference: "I believe, in terms of its rights or moral status, it doesn 't even reach the level of the standard laboratory animal. It is more like a vegetated existence, a lettuce if you like." Many recent newspapers report that a chimpanzee in China previously impregnated with human sperm - was now about to deliver. A columnist for a leading newspaper in Adelaide an Australian churchman - seriously examines the ethical dilemma that would be posed by such a soon-to-be-born 'chuman ' alias chimpanzee-human hybrid. Others say they regard such fetal 'ch-umans ' - even if existent - as unviable all the way through till birth, and beyond. Dr. Joseph Fletcher: "Cloning...could be invaluable for professional flight at high altitudes and space travel.... A Biologist could solve the weight problem by going alone to a distant planet with a supply of different somatic cells, and colonize it from a cloning start. We could even design species from scratch.... Animal brains can be Tiny Human Life page - 636 -

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markedly improved by doses of the twenty-first human chromosome.... All mammals, man among them, are remarkably close biologically. "Modern Biology can devise 'chimeras ' or combinations of humans and animals.... The basic fact is that the body cells of all species will cross-fuse.... Chimaeras or parahumans might legitimately be fashioned to do dangerous or demeaning jobs.... Should we not 'program ' such workers thoughtfully instead of accidentally, by means of hybridization? Cell fusion and putting human cell nuclei into animal tissue is possible (such hybrid tissue exists already as a matter of fact). "Hybrids could be designed by sexual reproduction, as between apes and humans. If interspecies coitus is too distasteful, then laboratory fertilization and implant could do it. If women are unwilling to gestate hybrids, animal females could. Actually, the artificial womb would bypass all such repugnancies." 1987. New Jersey. In 1985 Mrs. Mary Beth Whitehead, a highschool dropout and wife of a struggling sanitation worker, agreed to accept a payment of $10 000 if artificially inseminated with sperm from rich Biochemist William Stern. If she then became pregnant, she would (when their child was born) also willingly surrender her rights as parent to Stern and his wife Mary Elizabeth (a Professor of Pediatrics). At the birth of 'Baby M ' in 1986, Mrs. Whitehead informed the Sterns she had changed her mind and did not now wish to give up her baby. In litigation during 1987 - Judge Sorkow, contrasting Whitehead 's "severe financial difficulties" with the Sterns ' "strong and mutually supportive" background, totally ignores Mr. Stern 's obvious violation of the State 's adoption laws and public policies as well as Whitehead 's sale of her own baby into slavery (supposedly abolished in New Jersey long before 1860). So Sorkow strips Mrs. Whitehead of all her parental rights. He admits he was creating new law - in ruling that a surrogate mother contract is "valid and enforceable." 1987. Arizona. Dr. Roy Butler, Director of the Biblical Studies Center for Navajo Indians (formerly Professor of Philosophy at Western Kentucky University) states that Sorkow 's decision "was based on the assumption that moral judgments are legislated by man." But to the contrary: "A correct moral judgment could have been made by the court only on the correct understanding of adultery.... Jesus reinforced the Old Testament view of marriage.... He did not intend to deny that the non-lustful sex [act] of a wife [outside of marriage] to spite her non-caring husband, is not adultery.... The issue here, then, is whether the marriage of Mary Elizabeth [Stern] and William Tiny Human Life page - 637 -

Stern was violated in their contract with Mary Beth Whitehead.... Their marriage, was breached by adultery." 1987. St. Louis. Covenant Seminary Faculty Dean Dr. D.C. Jones rightly observes that "the contract should have been ruled invalid.... It is illegal to contract to sell a child already conceived or born. So it is illegal to contract to conceive and bear a child for payment of money.... By upholding the contract in such a sweeping way, if it 's not overturned on appeal, the Judge opened the door to a lucrative trade in babies.... The Judge [Sorkow] appealed to the education and the affluence of the Sterns as evidence of a superior environment for a baby. But...these criteria would not be allowed to decide an adoption case against the desire of the mother [Mary Beth Whitehead] to keep the child.... It 's forbidden in our laws to take money for giving up a child. Characteristically, there 's [also] a 30-day holding period to allow for change of mind - giving the bonding that occurs between mother [Mary Beth] and child [Baby M].... That is radically different from third party contributions of donated sperm." Australia. Rev. Dr. Nigel Lee, Supreme Court Barrister and Professor of Christian Ethics at the Queensland Presbyterian Theological Hall, says that not alien maxims (e.g. from Humanism or from Nazism or from the Talmud) but only the principles of American Common Law (based on the Holy Bible) should have been applied by Judge Sorkow. Baby M, or rather Miss Melissa Whitehead, had not been manufactured in an very impersonal test-tube from the semen of the gentle Mr. Stern and the egg of the genteel Mrs. Stern and then as a superior IVF embryo merely inserted into and incubated for nine months within a gentile machine duly maintained and quite incidentally labelled "Mary Beth Whitehead." No! After what Dr. Butler has described as an act of contractual adultery between the Sterns on the one hand and Mary Beth Whitehead on the other, it is tenuous to argue as did Judge Sorkow that the Sterns would make better parents than would the conceiving and carrying and delivering and caring biological mother Mrs. Whitehead. Furthermore, Baby Melissa after conception was carried and cared for under the roof of the whole family of the Whiteheads. Indeed, it is tenuous to assume that Mr. Whitehead, whether he knew about the contract or not has no custodial rights whatsoever in respect of Melissa. Thus the verdict should have been: Mr. and Mrs. Whitehead to maintain their custody over her own flesh-and-blood baby girl Melissa - and ordered to surrender the $10 000 (minus all maintenance costs incurred) to Judge Sorkow, who should then have confiscated the money and ordered it to be used to prosecute the Sterns and Mrs. Whitehead. Mr. Tiny Human Life page - 638 -

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Justice Sorkow 's actual judgment elitist, and indeed revolutionary. 1987.

is

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San Diego. Surrogate Mexican mother Alejandro Munoz sues for custody of her baby she now does not want to give up. Sweden. The ruling Social Democratic Government proposes amending the Swedish Penal Code to legalize homosexual "marriages" and also the promotion of homosexuality through public education - to take effect in January 1988. Swedish Evangelist Gosta Oman, usually ignored in his own country, warns that Sweden will surely be scourged by God 's judgment if it insists on further opening its national life to what he calls the "abomination" of homosexuality. Yet Rueda 's 680-page book The Homosexual Network, subtitled Private Lives and Public Policy, pontificates: "The notion that a family must involve persons of both sexes, is profoundly inimical to the homosexual movement.... The traditional family as a normative institution for human relations, is unacceptable."

1987.

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U.S.A. Fifth World Congress in Human Reproductive Technology discusses a whole host of relatively-new techniques. Some years previously developed by Dr. Robert Jansen of Sydney 's Royal Prince Albert Hospital, GIFT (alias Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer) now supersedes laparoscopy (or observing and manipulating an ovum or ova through a hole surgically tunnelled from the outside right into the woman). In GIFT, either embryos as in IVF or an egg together with sperm (or eggs together with sperm) are non-surgically inserted through a woman 's natural passages into her fallopian tube(s). That, and new cultures made in Melbourne from the amniotic fluid of pregnant women or from the placental blood of new-born infants - as well as testing the presence of PAF in unimplanted embryos as developed by Dr. Chris O 'Neill of Sydney 's Royal North Shore Hospital - would increase the present poor success rate in IVF and enable technicians to "cull" the "good" human embryos from the "bad." By growing rat embryos on the eyes of other rats, Dr. Peter Rogers of Monash discovered that embryos transplant into almost any tissue - thus contributing towards uterus amelioration (and also toward 'male pregnancy '). Adelaide 's Flinders Medical Center Dr. Chris Chen 's egg-freezing would enable women to use "young" eggs, subsequently, for pregnancies later in life.

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Monash Centre for Early Human Development 's Dr. Alan Trounson, from his mice studies, warns that freezing ova Tiny Human Life page - 639 -

trebles the chances of chromosome damage resulting in limb abnormalities. The pioneer of sperm micro-injection, Dr. Trounson has a 70% success rate with mice ova and sperm. Yet due to the Victorian Government 's Infertility Act 's ban on experiments on human embryos, and also acting ethically, he had not used it on humans - yet Scientists elsewhere had. 1987. Holland. Dutch section of pro-abortionistic organization FINNRAGE (Feminist International Network of Resistance to Reproductive and Genetic Engineering) publishes book Reproduction as Bio-Industry - associating use of IUDs with increased venereal diseases; establishing that hyperovulatory drugs Clomifene and DES cause a 40-50% increase in breast cancer among users and also sterility and vulvo-vaginal tumours in the daughters of users; that women undergoing several ovarypunctions to obtain eggs for IVF are more prone to get cancer of the ovaries; that IVF by way of donor semen vastly increases risk of contaminating both the embryo and the womb of the implantee with venereal diseases like Hepatitis and/or also AIDS; that 10% of babies born after amniocentesis have traumatic sequelae; and that chorionic villi sampling gives spontaneous abortions two to four times more frequently than amniocentesis. South Africa. Pious Roman Catholic Mrs. Ferreira-Jorge, who already had a son (Alcino), now has three of her eggs fertilized in vitro with her husband 's sperm and then implanted into her mother - who consequently later produces unidentical triplets. In the eyes of South African Law, their elder brother is legally their nephew because the triplets ' grandmother had earlier become the ancestress of their brother, Uncle Alcino. London. Critically reflecting on this case of the South African donor-mother/biological-grandmother, the Englishman A.N. Wilson notes: "Just as the busy working woman can now pay for someone else to clean her house, cook her meals, and design her garden - she will now be able to pay someone else to bear her babies in the womb.... It is motherhood without tears. And that...is a contradiction in terms.... You can see the way it will go. A film actress who does not want to spoil the shape of her breasts. A successful commodity broker who can 't afford to have morning sickness when she should be on the line to Japan or Los Angeles.... Such women will be tempted to put their children through the test-tube and surrogate experience for the most trivial and selfish reasons. And, God knows - literally, God only knows - the effect on these children of being born in this way.... "Hitler 's Doctors, after all, dreamed of achieving such a thing. And it would now be technically possible for the Tiny Human Life page - 640 -

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1987.

White embryos of White parents to be implanted in ten thousand Black South African women. For the duration of their pregnancies, it would stop them having babies of their own.... Such baby-farming could be used to multiply the White race, to give them numerical superiority.... It is only political fantasy, not science-fiction.... I find myself in the rather extraordinary position of being in whole-hearted agreement with the Dutch Reformed Church [of South Africa], which has condemned the operation as 'meddling with God 's business '.... I suspect the South African Doctors have done something sinister." 1987. Holland. Massive epidemic at Dijkzigt Hospital in Rotterdam, where over five months some 177 IVF-women were infected by Hepatitis B - through infected semen from undiagnosed sperm donors. France 's IVF-Pioneer, Prof. Testart, accuses IVFPractitioners of waging a systematic campaign of disinformation. For not 30%-40% of women completing the programme would end up giving birth to a child (as falsely claimed), but less than 7%. Reported there are now 2000 IVF babies in Australia alone. Queensland Government bans IVF surrogate pregnancies. U.S.A. John M. Otis writes in his God 's Law and Medical Ethics: "To clone a human, the fertilized egg must be enucleated. That means that a nascent human being must be eliminated.... Human cloning requires the murder of one human being - in order to create an identical twin of the Donor." Dr. Hennessey 's Queensland Fertility Group freely admits to the Public Questions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of Queensland: that the Group confines its program to married couples and only uses 1-2% donor sperm; that it usually collects the sperm by way of masturbation as the most practical method; that the freezing of sperm decreases its fertility, and the freezing of embryos kills some of their cells; that five to six eggs are fertilized so as to be able to implant three to four embryos; that if more than that are produced, excess embryos are frozen; that the Group follows the policy guideline of the Demack Commission which states that an embryo is deemed to cease to exist if one or both of the parents die or the marriage breaks up; that, because it may then result in three rather than in two sets of chromosomes in the cell (thus causing gross deformity), an egg is disposed of if the head of more than one sperm penetrates the egg 's wall. U.S.A. After six earlier failed attempts at IVF, in 1988 the childless Mr. Junior Davis and his wife Mary Sue of Tiny Human Life page - 641 -

1987.

1987f.

1988.

1989.

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Maryville in Tennessee got a clinic in Knoxville to extract and successfully fertilize in vitro fully nine of his wife 's eggs with his sperm. Two of those nine embryos were implanted into Mrs. Davis, but failed to develop. When the other seven were still being preserved, frozen in the Clinic, Mr. Davis filed for divorce. No longer desiring to be the father of any children Mary Sue may yet bear, Mr. Davis sues her and the Director of the Clinic for custody of the seven embryos - alleging that though he was being "raped" of his reproductive rights, he did not want to destroy the embryos but simply to ensure they would never be implanted into Mary Sue. She, however, argues: that Mr. Davis had consented to be a father at the time of fertilization and could not now change his mind; that life begins at conception; that the embryos were human beings; that they belonged to the parent most concerned with their well-being; and that they were her last chance for motherhood. In a 57-page decision granting temporary custody of the embryos to the woman, Judge Young writes: "The court finds and concludes that human life begins at the moment of conception; that Mr and Mrs. Davis have accomplished their original intent to produce a human being.... From fertilization [onward] - the cells of a human embryo are differentiated, unique and specialized to the highest degree of distinction.... Life begins at conception.... "It is to the manifest best interest of the child or children in vitro, that they be available for implantation. The full focus of the court in the case of children is on what 's to their best interest - not what mom wants; not what dad wants; and not what the grand parents want." Judge Young thus regards the frozen embryos as human beings. Mr. Davis, after his lawyer then gives notice of appeal and also of intent to seek a restraining order to prevent any implantations before the decision becomes final, says: "I still don 't feel these are human beings. I feel I am standing up for my rights as a male. At this point, there is no child involved." 1989. U.S.A. Dr. John Willke, President of the National Right to Life Committee, calls the ruling a "progressive decision rooted firmly in the scientific fact that human life beings at conception." Professor of Law and Medicine Alexander Capron, a leading authority on biomedical ethics, says: "Guardians should be appointed to assure that all the embryos are treated fairly. For example, who should be picked first for implantation?

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The trial drew vast attention, thronged by crowds and reporters reminiscent of the famous Scopes 's "Monkey Trial" just sixty miles away in nearby Dayton - where William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow debated the issue of creation vs. evolution in 1925. At the trial, one woman with a sense of history wore a T-shirt that read: "Maryville - Site of the Historic Frozen Embryo Battle." 1989. Australia. Full-term cloned merino lambs are born from IVF-ewes. Mr. George Falkiner, the owner of Haddon Rig Stud (600 km. west of Sydney) develops a "World first" in genetic engineering by cloning merino sheep embryos - born as lambs in November 1989. Normally, ewes usually produce about five lambs in a lifetime. But in cloning sheep by splitting their embryos five ways and transferring them to donor ewes, the breeder can now see in a year what it would usually take a ewe 's lifetime to produce. Then, after the lambs develop, the breeder is now able to choose the best animal and clone its embryo. Once thus manufactured, these embryos can be frozen and stored for years, allowing access to millions of variations of sheep traits including animal size, potential wool cut and body characteristics - all stored on shelves in the laboratory freezer, and all now able to provide sheep to suit a client 's needs - and to provide as many as required. Inevitably, a question now suggests itself. How long, then - before wealthy clients start ordering their own tailormade and genetically-improved children, from human stud farms? U.S.A. Researchers breed a mouse, which produces blood with the characteristics of human blood. This opens up the possibility of biologically being enabled to engineer products which could render human blood transfusions obsolete, and which could theoretically develop superefficient haemoglobins for racehorses and athletes. Dr. W.J. Crawford writes to the Clerk of Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Queensland, that "technology may become available in the not too distant future to maintain a fertilised egg in an external environment until its full development." Meantime, in AID: "No couple is offered donor semen unless all possibilities of use of the husband 's semen have been exhausted. They then must, as a couple, have a number of sessions with their Doctor - discussing all ramifications of the use of donor semen. Only when the Doctor feels that they are fully prepared psychologically, is its use made available to them.... Experience is that husbands with donor sperm children identify with the children as well as, if not better than, natural fathers....

1989.

1989.

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"The freezing of eggs rather than embryos would solve a number of ethical problems in IVF. Unfortunately, it is not a success. A method has been postulated, and a few pregnancies obtained. But when the Queensland Fertility Group, along with many other large IVF units, tried it it was found that the success rate was unacceptable poor." 1990. Dr. Nicholas Tonti-Filippini publishes an important article against GIFT (or Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer), finding it unacceptable. For GIFT - or rather ZIFT (alias Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer) often involved artificial "egg-cracking." He does, however, find TOT (alias Tubal Ovum Transfer) to be acceptable - as a permissible extension of assisted impregnation. England. British Medical Association releases a thoughtful report emphasizing fifteen risks associated with surrogate pregnancies. U.S.A. The Calverts are awarded full custody rights against their child 's surrogate mother who bore a baby for them for $10 000 and then reneged on that contract by trying to keep the baby for herself. Belgium. Dr. Schepens, General Secretary of World Federation of Doctors Who Respect Human Life, estimates the total success-rate of IVF to be only 7% pregnancies (and still less births), and risks of fetal abnormalities as three times greater in IVF than in pregnancies occurring after normal sexual intercourse. The Presbyterian Church of Queensland resolves to "request the Clerk to express its support to 'Right to Life Australia ' in its opposition to the planned 'decriminalisation ' of abortion in Queensland by the present State Government." It further resolves also to "request the Clerk to write to the Premier and the Attorney-General of Queensland reaffirming... that the Assembly opposes any law which allows, or encourages, the destruction of human life by abortion." Decriminalization of lesbianism and sodomy in most Australian States. This raises the spectre of the adoption of children by, and even of the implantation of IVFembryos into, one or both partners. Britain. A virgin conceives through AID. Foreshadowing more such births by heterosexual unmarried career women, controversy now erupts about these "virgin births" by way of AID. The Conservative Party 's Minister of Health Mrs. Bottomley disapproves of the new practice, but says it would probably not be outlawed - even though the Churches had condemned it. The Chairperson of the Conservative Tiny Human Life page - 644 -

1990.

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Party Government 's Backbenchers ' Health Committee, Dame Jill Knight, says it was "highly irresponsible." Life 's Mrs. Nuala Scarisbrick, a campaigner for unborn children, calls it "pretty disgusting." Professor Victor Yu remarks: "The missing link in 'Virgin Birth ' is LOVE." 1991. Queensland 's very first surrogate pregnancy women are accused, but then discharged. case. Two

1991.

Brisbane. The Reproductive Technology Community Action Group 's Submission on Reproductive Technology to the Queensland Government, lists and documents the following defects in IVF multiple births: low birth weights; prenatal mortalities; infant mortalities; hospital readmissions; vision and hearing defects; intellectual disabilities; celebral palsy; psychological problems; regression; and communication disabilities. After retrieval of hyperovulated eggcells and subsequent insertion of embryos (or of eggcells together with sperm) even into the fallopian tube by way of GIFT - "appalling problems of toxaemia have developed." The Submission concludes: "Children born of these technologies show an increased incidence of serious health problems and/or physical disabilities compared with those children who are 'naturally ' conceived. Many of these infants are premature and have difficulties resulting from this. Many die in utero, necessitating carriage by the mother of one or more dead foetuses for sustained periods." Previously having received the 1983 Public Questions Committee Report stating that "any unlawful human attempt to abort is murder in the sight of God wherever such attempt results in the death of a fertilized human ovum" the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Queensland resolves to "advise the Premier, the Minister of Justice and Corrective Services, Attorney-General, the Leader of the Opposition, Leader of the Liberal Party and the media that the Assembly requests the re-introduction of the death penalty when guilt of the offender has been proved beyond reasonable doubt in the case of murder. Genesis 9:5-6." Fay Weldon 's book The Cloning of Joanna May portrays a man dumping his wife - after cloning her, so that he can replace her with her "twin" several years later (when the wife but not her clone has aged). U.S.A. Time reports that Abe Ayala deliberately impregnated his 43-year-old wife so as to be able to harvest rare bone marrow from the baby (Marissa) about two years later - for implantation into his 19-year-old and life-threatened other daughter Anissa. Time says this calls up brutal images of baby-farming - cannibalizing for Tiny Human Life page - 645 -

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1991.

spare parts. For the baby was ordered up to serve as a means, as a biological source to (re)supply needed pieces. The baby did not consent to be used. The parents created that life, then used it for their own purposes. 1992. Japan. Infertile Japanese couple hire Asian-American women surrogately to bear children for the former, at a fee of $45 000 per child. Australia. With her anti-surrogacy laws even today more rigorous than those in America, many Australian couples and their frozen embryos now visit the U.S.A. where American women are hired as surrogate mothers for up to $90 000 per pregnancy. Queensland 's second surrogacy case. The two women each face three years in jail and/or a $6000 fine. Brisbane. The Presbyterian Church of Queensland resolves to "declare that personhood is to be considered to occur from the commencement of conception, which is from the penetration of the wall of the ovum by a sperm" - and that one should "treat the developing embryo as a person from the commencement of conception." This means that any removal and/or destruction of a zygote even less than a day old (such as one produced by two sperm-heads which penetrated the shell of the ovum and very likely to result in deformity) is abortive, whether so removed from a woman after natural conception or whether removed from a testtube after unnatural IVF. Darwin. Jeremy English refuses to pay child support to his estranged wife, claiming she became pregnant by IVF against his wishes. "I thought having a baby by IVF was immoral and wrong," he says. "She had been trying to get pregnant throughout 1989.... I thought she couldn 't get pregnant.... She wanted me to have a sperm-count done to see if everything was OK. The clinic explained it all to me, and I agreed to give them a sample for the count. I did not give my permission for it to be used for any other reason.... I didn 't believe IVF was the right thing to do. We discussed that, and she agreed." She says: "He wanted to be Mr. Natural." The case seems set to create a landmark for Australian paternity laws. U.S.A. Hawaii state ban on constitution, a 'compelling Supreme Court rules in Baehr v. Lewin that same-sex marriages violates Hawaii 's state unless the state could justify the ban with state interest. '

1992.

1992.

1992.

1992.

1993.

1993.

Rome. 59-year-old woman produces twins, after receiving IVF.

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1993.

Italy. Black wife of a White British husband gives birth to a White baby from the donor egg of a White woman, so that the child would not suffer the racial prejudice sometimes experienced by half-castes. Britain 's Chairperson of the Conservative Party Government 's Backbenchers ' Health Committee, Dame Jill Knight, says: "This is plain and unvarnished genetic engineering, and as such must be unacceptable." Michigan. Real-life movie (A Child Too Many) about a happily married woman (pseudonymed "Patty Nowakowski"), who already had three offspring by her own husband. That happy couple agrees (for $10 000) that she would volunteer to receive AID from another married man - in return for becoming a surrogate mother for the child of that man. He, with his wife, pre-agrees to raise any child thus born as their own. When Patty conceives twins - a boy and a girl the "purchasing" couple wants the girl alone, but not the boy (whom they surrender for adoption). This separates the twins - against the wishes of the protesting biological mother. The latter then adopts the boy, but subsequently becomes more and more concerned that the grieving twins should not remain separated. Consequently, she then goes public about the transaction - yet still without revealing the names of the "purchasers." Since buying children is in breach of Michigan Law - the "purchasers" (in return for the ongoing preservation of their anonymity) then hand the girl back to the biological mother, whose husband then legally adopts her too. As a result, surrogacy laws are changed. U.S.A. The International Foundation for Genetic Research charges the National Institute of Health with gross irregularities. The membership of the NIH 's Embryo Research Panel was chosen following President Clinton 's Executive Order of January 22nd - overturning the de facto moratorium on fetal transplantation from living to-beaborted babies. The passage of the NIH Revitalization Act of 1993 gives statutory substance to Mr. Clinton 's Executive Order, and also opens the door to IVF and other forms of human experimentation. The IFGR also calls for a full Congressional Investigation of the U.S. IVF "Industry" - as well as hearings on the dangers to women posed by IVF techniques and hyperovulation drugs such as Pergonal and Clomid. U.S.A. George Washington University Team multiplies seventeen human embryos into forty-eight clones, which then grow for six full days. Working with abnormal embryos from eggs fertilized by more than one sperm and hence destined for gross deformity and early death anyway, Drs. Hall and Stillman got permission from the University to conduct their experiment. Though abnormal, the cells were Tiny Human Life page - 647 -

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copied with their genes intact - using a process whereby agricultural researchers have cloned embryos from cattle and pigs for more than a decade. The reason why Hall and Stillman did this with human embryos, was to try to increase significantly the chances of successful pregnancies in IVF-procedures. The Japan Medical Association calls the experiment "unthinkable"; French Socialist President Mitterand pronounces himself "horrified"; and the Vatican says it could lead down "a tunnel of madness." For all cells contain within their DNA the information required to reproduce the entire organism. 1993. Director Arthur Caplan of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Minnesota defends human cloning in situations where a woman was about to become sterile, but who by cloning timeously could store embryo-clones for future impregnation - or in situations where hereditary haemophilia or cystic fibrosis could be avoided in embryos, by snipping cells off them. Because that sometimes kills them, an extra supply of clones which might survive such a snipping-off - could lead to healthy children. However, even among cattle clones, only 20% survive. Yet of those 20%, they could all be grown and then used for spare parts as needed - by the specimen grown earlier from the original embryo. Thus, observes Time (November 8th 1993), two parents with a grown-up daughter (cloned before birth) - could from that clone have another identical twin-daughter, even decades later. Indeed, also the elder daughter herself could carry and give birth to that same child - as her own identical twin. 1993. Protesting, Director Daniel Callahan of the Hastings Center for Ethics in New York remarks: "We have a right to our own individual genetic identity.... I think this [cloning] could well violate that right." Observes Christian Ethics Professor Germain Grisez of Maryland: "The people doing this ought to contemplate splitting themselves in half, and see how they like it." Dr. JeanFrancois Mattei of Marseilles 's Timone Hospital protests: "It 's aberrant, showing a lack of a sense of reality and respect for people." German Professor Hans-Bernhard Wuermeling at the University of Erlangen calls it "a modern form of slavery." Germany punishes attempts to clone humans with up to five and Britain with up to ten years in prison. Dr. Leeanda Wilton of Monash University 's IVF Centre in Australia says there are hundreds of scientists who could have split an embryo in half.... They have not done so, because it opens a can of worms." Melbourne. Monash University 's Dr. Peter Singer: "The life Tiny Human Life page - 648 -

1993.

of a newborn baby is of less value than the life of a pig, a dog, or a chimpanzee.... We can see that the grounds for not killing persons do not apply to newborn infants.... My comparison of abortion and infanticide was prompted by the objection that the position I have taken on abortion also justifies infanticide. I have admitted this charge.... Neither the early not the late fetus has a full right to life, and neither does the newborn infant. This right, I would suggest, emerges gradually during the first few months after birth.... "After ruling our thoughts and our decisions about life and death for nearly two thousand years, the traditional Western ethic has collapsed.... Perhaps it is now possible to think about these issues without assuming the Christian moral framework, which has, for so long, prevented any fundamental reassessment.... We have an historic chance to shape something better, an ethic that does not need to be propped up by transparent fictions no-one can really believe.... Human babies are not born self-aware, or capable of grasping that they exist over time. They are not persons. Hence their lives would seem to be no more worthy of protection than the life of a fetus." 1994. Twelve years after George Howcraft had deposited semen in a spermbank and then had a vasectomy in England, he emigrated to Australia - taking his more-than-a-decade-old sperm with him. Therefrom, his daughter Jessica was born subsequently to his second wife - by IVF, at a Gold Coast Hospital. Dr. Lynette Dumble, Senior Research Fellow with the University of Melbourne 's Department of Surgery - and authoress of a paper on The Fragmentation of Woman from Conception to Menopause, presented at the Third National Conference of the Australian Bioethics Association in Adelaide - urges Bioethicists to act against the victimization of women. Dr. Dumble says long-term effects of fertility drugs like clomiphene and human pituitary gonadotrophin alias hPG, and also of hormone replacement therapy alias HRT in menopausal women, are being ignored. She says the human cadaver-derived hormone drug hPG, used from 1964 to 1985, failed in more than half of the women treated. Now, all 1400 women presently known to have received hPG - are at risk of the deadly Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD). Other problems include ovarian hyperstimulation (or potentially fatal excessive egg production), late miscarriage, stillbirth, simultaneous multiple birth, and ectopic pregnancy. Women treated with the drug (hPG) while on IVF programmes also face the threat of CJD. Clomiphene citrate, a drug commonly used on IVF programs over the Tiny Human Life page - 649 -

1994.

past 20 years, has been positively linked with ovarian cancer. Dr. Dumble urges Bioethicists to adopt the resolution of a University of Massachusetts Medical Ethicist, Dr. Janice Raymond, who has called for a halt to women being "technologically ravaged." Her Women and Wombs maintains the "best legal approach to reproductive technologies and contracts that violate women 's bodily integrity...is abolition, not regulation." 1994. Britain. The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority 's "consultation document" appears. Titled On Donated Ovarian Tissue in Embryo Research and Assisted Conception, it rightly expresses fears regarding the risk of chromosomal or other abnormalities in fetuses which had been aborted spontaneously (and thus died of their own accord). It also rightly indicates the medical risks involved in using ovarian tissue or eggs from fetuses, obtained even after induced abortion. For ovarian tissue or eggs from fetuses have not undergone the normal process of 'natural selection ' which takes place in adult women. Indeed, using fetal eggs for fructification runs the serious risk of utilizing material which normally would have been weeded out spontaneously because of normally fatal abnormalities. 1994. The British Medical Association publicly endorses the transplant of ovaries from dead women to enable infertile women to become pregnant. The Church of England gives its in-principle support, although the Church 's Board of Social Responsibility strongly opposes allowing women under eighteen to agree to donate ovaries. On the other hand, Britain 's Society for the Protection of Unborn Children totally opposes the BMA 's proposals - and expresses its own grave misgivings about the speed of the debate over the issue. Australia. A 64-year-old woman suffers a miscarriage after two months of artificial pregnancy. The Australian Medical Association calls for laws banning IVF treatment for women beyond menopause. Yet Ann Warner (Queensland 's Acting Minister of Health) remarks: "Perhaps we should consider what we would have done with legislation in the case of Elizabeth the mother of John the Baptist...after she passed child-bearing age. Would we have made her having a baby illegal?" England. Doctors decide to implant a Black mother with a White woman 's egg in order to ensure that she conceives a baby of mixed race. Thinking of George Orwell 's books Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm, outraged Member of Parliament Jerry Hayes objects: "The last thing we want is an Orwellian, designer-baby society." Tiny Human Life page - 650 -

1994.

1994.

1994.

The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Australia receives its Church and Nation Committee 's Report, which states "that Jesus was 'conceived by the Holy Spirit; born of the Virgin Mary; suffered under Pontius Pilate; was crucified, dead and buried; [and]...rose from the dead '.... Throughout these events, Jesus was and is the very same Jesus Who was conceived in the womb of His virgin mother.... To abort an embryo would be viewed in the same light as killing a child or an adult, and would be tantamount to murder.... "The Old Testament specifically condemns all homosexual behaviour as an abomination, with the death penalty as its sanction. Leviticus 18:22f; 20:13. The New Testament is clear that homosexual conduct is dishonourable, unnatural and shameful. Romans 1:26-27. Apart from repentance, it excludes the doers from salvation. First Corinthians 6:910. The Book of Revelation [22:15] indicates that practising homosexuals are excluded from the tree of life and the holy city." The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Australia resolves: "Abortion is always unacceptable except when at least two competent medical authorities (other than the person under consideration to perform the operation) deem the abortion essential to protect the life of the mother when that is threatened with immediate death should the pregnancy continue.... If and when the rare contingency noted in the previous clause arises, everything medically possible should be done to seek the continuation of the lives in danger.... Marriage is the union before God, and at law, of a heterosexual couple. The family ought not to be redefined so as to permit homosexual marriage or to permit homosexual couples to adopt or foster children." Melbourne. At Monash University 's Conference on Ethical Issues on Prenatal Diagnosis and the Termination of Pregnancy, Dr. David Grundmann, the Medical Director of Planned Parenthood of Australia, stated: "In the 20 years since Roe v. Wade, Medical Science has made such tremendous advances that the boundaries of reproductive technology have been pushed beyond all known limits.... It is my belief that abortion is an integral part of family planning.... Theoretically this means abortion at any stage of gestation.... I have been an abortion provider for 18 years and I have always been an advocate for women 's rights to choose abortion on request. So I approach this topic from a particularly biased pro-choice point of view. This exciting topic presents a number of interesting challenges.... "Dilatation and extraction...is my method of choice. It is Tiny Human Life page - 651 -

1994.

1994.

achieved by serial dilatation using a combination of mechanical dilatation and passive osmotic dilators.... The principle of this method is to extract an intact fetus whose soft tissues protect the cervical canal from laceration.... The pelvis is the most incompressible part of the fetus. Cranial decompression then allows the delivery of the fetus with ease either by breech or vertex extraction.... "As we approach the 21st century in a World beset with overpopulation, famine and ecological disasters - it makes no sense to take the right to make decisions about fertility, contraception or abortion away from...the women and to place this right in the hands of mostly maledominated legislative, judicial or religious bodies.... "Abortion beyond twenty weeks is unavailable anywhere in Australia other than at my clinic in Brisbane.... We must allow women to make these difficult and important choices themselves, and we must be prepared to use all of our skills and abilities to help them with these choices." 1994. U.S.A. An anti-abortionist extremist illegally shoots some of the personnel at a Pensacola abortion clinic in Florida. U.S.A. Southern Baptist Convention 's Christian Life Commission: "The life of each human being begins at conception.... We implore all Christians to oppose legalized abortion on demand. Acts of lethal violence have recently been used - in an attempt to stop Abortion Doctors from performing abortions.... Pro-choice and prolife groups have offered...their moral rejection of such acts as the Pensacola shootings.... "This is the meaning of the divine prohibition of murder in the Ten Commandments.... In the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:21f), Jesus affirmed the prohibition against murder.... Thus, we are compelled to consider elective abortion the killing of a human being.... The Federal Government has wrongfully abdicated its responsibility to protect the innocent...[yet] it is morally forbidden for a private citizen to end a human life, except in the act of self-defence. Only in cases when gestational life poses a serious threat to the physical life of the mother, in our view, does elective abortion clearly meet this selfdefence criterion.... "The blood of the murdered cries out from the ground. Genesis 4:10; Leviticus 18:28.... Each participant in this act of unjustifiable killing, including the Government of the United States (and ultimately 'we the people ' who are the sovereign of this Government and have elected its Tiny Human Life page - 652 -

1994.

officials), bears a share of the responsibility." 1994. Egypt. Cairo Conference, designed to promote the use of condoms and also the practice of abortion. Thanks to opposition chiefly by Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Islamic groups the goals were thwarted. Britain. Dame Jill Knight (D.B.E., M.P.) - Chairperson of the Conservative Party Government 's Backbenchers ' Health Committee - proposes an amendment to the Criminal Justice and Public Order Bill, which banned the used of fetal eggs or ovarian tissue to treat infertile women. That amendment passes in the House of Commons. Britain. Rev. Dr. Nigel Cameron 's (Judeo-Christian) Centre for Bio-ethics and Public Policy still feels it appropriate to respond to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority 's consultation document of 1994. That 1995 Response boldly declares: "The child conceived as the result of gametal donation, is not the fruit of marriage or conjugal love.... Manipulation...is demeaning to the dignity of the child as a person. And this is true even if the child is not conceived in a test-tube or Petri dish as the result of laboratory procedures - though such procedures further reduce the child towards the status of an artifact.... We find techniques of assisted conception involving gametal donation socially and morally unacceptable.... "Objecting to all forms of egg donation, we can see no acceptable grounds for seeking to increase the supply of human eggs.... Since both ovarian hyperstimulation and the harvesting of eggs as procedures involve considerable health risks to the woman, we consider it improper to encourage women to undergo either procedure.... Given the demand for human eggs, we are concerned that fertility treatment in some cases is offered free of charge to a woman in return for eggs. This makes for duress and a particularly distasteful form of exploitation of a woman 's natural desire for a child.... "The use of eggs or ovarian tissue from spontaneously aborted fetuses for research or in infertility treatment...would inevitably involve close cooperation between the abortion team and the researchers or infertility-treatment team in order to coordinate the timing of the abortion and the harvesting procedures. Such cooperation would be morally unacceptable.... "We object to gestation and termination of pregnancy for the sake of obtaining fetal tissue suitable for research, and consider it morally unacceptable to create embryos for research-purposes.... Ovarian tissue from live Tiny Human Life page - 653 -

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Donors...raises the same social and moral issues as donation of individual eggs.... The potential to produce thousands of eggs from such tissue, calls for special caution...to ensure a limited number of offspring from the same Donor.... "Out of repugnance at the thought that the dead should be having children, we object to the use of eggs or ovarian tissue obtained from cadavers.... The respect due to [the] human body does not cease after death.... As to the child, there may be unknown risks involved in using eggs from dead women for the purpose of procreation. We have already expressed fears about the psychological impact ovum donation may have on children born as a result of the procedure.... "Fetal ovaries contain several million eggs.... While objecting to all forms of gametal donation, we find fetal ovum donation particularly disturbing. Like adult ovum donation, it severs the kinship chain and all contact between genetic mother and child. In addition, it skips a whole generation and so makes a farce of motherhood. To become a mother without having been born, is against nature.... "The [Human Fertility and Embryology] HFE Act makes no specific provision for the use of eggs or ovarian tissue from a fetus. It does, however, state that specific consent is required of the Donor in order to use his or her gametes to make test-tube embryos.... Since no consent can be obtained from a fetus, this effectively rules out the use of fetal eggs or ovarian tissue for research involving the creation of embryos.... The HFE Code of Practice...says: 'Gametes should not be taken for treatment of others from anyone under the age of eighteen '.... This rules out any use of fetal eggs or ovarian tissue in infertility treatment.... "When a mother decides to abort and destroy her child she effectively abdicates her duty as the guardian of her offspring.... She can claim no right to authorise the creation of (her) grand-children by cannibalising the body of her unborn daughter.... "The Consultation Document refers to...considering the rights of the father of an IVF embryo.... [Nevertheless] it omits mention of the HFE Act, which states that: 'An embryo the creation of which was brought about in vitro must not be used for any purpose unless there is effective consent by each person whose gametes were used to bring about the creation of the embryo '.... Notwithstanding our objections to the use of donated gametes in fertility treatment, we endorse the view that, when such procedures Tiny Human Life page - 654 -

are undertaken, the father 's consent must be sought." 1995. United Nations. Meetings of Preparation Committee (for its September World Conference on Women in Red China), where the Lesbian Caucus is prominent. The Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission declares: "We, the undersigned, call upon the Member States to recognize the right to determine one 's sexual identity; the right to control one 's own body, particularly in establishing intimate relationships; and the right to choose if, when, and with whom to bear or raise children - as fundamental components of all human rights of all women regardless of sexual orientation." Red China. To investigate rumours that unborn human beings were being eaten in order to improve complexions and promote health, an Eastern Express reporter visits the state-run Shenzhen Health Centre for Women and Children. On March 2nd, a female Doctor gives the reporter a bottle, and says: "There are ten fetuses here, all aborted this morning. You can take them. We are a state hospital and don 't charge anything. Normally we Doctors take them home to eat - all free. Since you don 't look well, you can take them." Brisbane. It is reported that human fetuses "are the latest health food fad in China." A Doctor at the Sin Hua Clinic was stated to have said she personally likes her fetuses with pork soup. Vatican City. In his book The Gospel of Life, Pope John Paul II observes: "The various techniques of artificial reproduction... actually open the door to new threats against life.... They are morally unacceptable, since they separate procreation from the fully-human context of the conjugal act.... These techniques have a high rate of failure: not just failure in relation to fertilization but with regard to the subsequent development of the embryo, which is exposed to the risk of death, generally within a very short space of time.... The number of embryos produced is often greater than that needed for implantation in the woman 's womb, and these so-called 'spare embryos ' are then destroyed or used for research which - under the pretext of scientific or medical progress - in fact reduces human life to the level of simple 'biological material ' to be freely disposed of." Brisbane. Unanimously, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Queensland in Australia: condemns voluntary euthanasia; "calls for the vigorous application of the current sections of the Criminal Code dealing with abortion, so that the lives of the unborn are better Tiny Human Life page - 655 -

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protected; and calls upon the Government of Queensland to reframe the laws relating to abortion in accordance with the position held by the Presbyterian Church of Queensland" (as set out in 1980 and further in 1983, 1991 and 1992). The General Assembly of the Church also notes that it "is opposed to trials of [the 'morning-after ' pill] RU486 on the grounds that it is an abortifacient, and out of concern for the health and welfare of the women involved in those trials" - and requests the Federal Minister of Family Services ' "intervention to stop the proposed RU486 trials from continuing." 1995. Australia 's Northern Territory Government legislates socalled 'voluntary euthanasia ' - despite public protests (also unanimously from the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Queensland). A month later, Australia 's Governor-General tells a Medical Congress that even active 'voluntary euthanasia ' and adoptions by samesex couples should be legal. The latter would imply also embryo transplants for or even into them - as well as 'euthanasianizing ' all unwanted and unproductive frozen and unfrozen surplus IVF-embryos. Australia. The Church and Nation Committee of the Presbyteria Church of Victoria respectfully rebukes the Governor-General for his remarks defending euthanasia and same-sex couples ' rights to marriage and to the adoption of children, regretting he has "taken a position contrary to the standards of God 's Word."

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Holland. What were deemed to be unidentical twin baby boys (but were in fact 'half-twins ') were born by IVF to a married White couple in a Dutch Hospital in 1993. Thereafter, as they grew older, the infants began to look more and more racially different to one another. By 1995, when the one was yet darker, the couple approaches the Hospital about this matter. The Hospital then does a DNA test and discovers that the White boy 's father and mother were his own married parents; but that the darker boy, though having the same mother, had a different father. Dr. Egbert te Velde, Head of Utrecht University Hospital 's Fertility Department, finally admits that the mistake was due to the very same pipette having been used twice - in injecting sperm into the test-tube containing the mother 's egg. A residue of semen from a different man (not the woman 's husband) had remained inside that previously-used pipette. The Hospital then apologizes to the married parents - before their still-available legal options might yet get canvassed.

1995.

Around June, a photograph of a male orangutan(g) holding Tiny Human Life page - 656 -

hands with two Thai women on either side of him, appeared in a Lismore NSW newspaper. Beneath the photograph, it boldly declares: "Mike, a nineyear-old orangutan, is escorted by two traditionally-clad Thai women yesterday in Lopburi, Thailand, after an announcement that he would wed Sue-Sue of Taiwan in a December ceremony to which 3000 human guests are being invited. This central Thailand town is populated by colonies of orangutans and monkeys which are allowed to roam freely in the streets." In spite of the photograph, it is strongly to be hoped "Sue-Sue" is an orangutan[g] like Mike, and that the World will not be faced with a 'marriage ' between an ape and a woman in December 1995. Nevertheless, speculation about human embryo transplants into female apes (as their surrogate "mothers") still continue to abound. 1995. Norma McCorvey, the formerly-abortionistic "Jane Doe" of the 1973 "John Doe/Jane Roe" (Roe v. Wade & Doe v. Bolton) U.S. Supreme Court decisions granting women the right to abort their own babies - who had shed her "Jane Doe" anonymity and then gone public as an abortion activist in 1980 - now renounces abortion. Quitting her job at an abortion clinic in August 1995, she claims to have become a Christian. Submitting to baptism, she says: "Abortion is wrong.... What I did, was wrong.... [Now,] I just had to take a pro-life position." Kate Michelman, Head of the National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League, had been a colleague of the previously-abortionistic McCorvey. Michelman now responds: "The real threat we face, is not Norma McCorvey defining her different position - but the radical right that now controls Congress and wants to make abortion illegal." Time, September 15th. "Human Rights in China establishes that the lives of half a million female infants and fetuses are cut short yearly" - after detecting gender prenatally, by a chorionic villi sampling or by this illegal use of the ultrasound machine. Beijing. United Nations World Conference on Women meets in Red China - the land of one-child-per-family, of forced abortions, and of cannibalizing upon human fetuses. Many at the Conference feministically favour full rights for women to abort their babies and to regulate their own [homo- or hetero-] sexuality, both of which demonstrate a disregard of paternity and masculinity. The Conference issues a document calling for an end to what it calls "religious extremism." A proposed statement on the right of countries to administer health policy according to their own "various religious and ethical values" gets omitted from that document. Norway 's Prime Minister Ms. Tiny Human Life page - 657 -

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Brundtland, regarded as a contender to follow Mr. BoutrosGhali as the next UN Secretary-General, upholds women 's rights to free abortions. 1995. Brisbane. In Oct. 10th 's Courier-Mail, Prof. Singer defends pagan societies allowing infant killings. He adds: "Why, in the absence of religious beliefs about being made in the image of God or having an immortal soul - should mere membership of the species Homo sapiens be crucial to whether the life of a being may or may not be taken?" U.S.A. New Jersey Court, in the case Presbytery of Orthodox Presbyterian Church v. Florio, rules there is a "compelling state interest" in stopping anyone (even transients) from condemning homosexuality. Brisbane. On Nov. 27th, Australia 's Channel 10 TV broadcast on the Phil Donahue Show an interview with Attorney Ted Wentworth. He, on behalf of ten couples, in July 1995 sued Orange County 's prestigious University of California at Irvine and three of its Doctors (including one Dr. Asch), alleging the theft of embryos belonging to his clients. One pair of clients, the couple Mr. & Mrs. Starr, alleged that for more than $10 000: Starr had deposited semen in a sperm bank before being castrated (in the treatment of cancer); that Mrs. Starr was hyperovulated at UCI; that eighteen of her eggs were thus harvested and then fertilized with Ken 's pre-collected sperm; and that she was implanted with four of her embryos, by way of ZIP (alias GIFT). The other fourteen embryos of the Starrs were then without their knowledge allegedly sold and implanted into other women World-wide. Another pair of Attorney Wentworth 's clients, Mr. John and Mrs. Debbie Challender, alleged that for almost $20 000: the UCI Medical Clinic had grossly hyperovulated Debbie (a trained nurse) and then fertilized 46 of her eggs; that this gross hyperovulation had made her very ill; that five of her embryos thus produced, had then been implanted into her by way of IVF without success; and that two others of them, being twins, had without her knowledge been implanted with success into a 44-year-old woman whose identity subsequently became known to her. Some 23 of her 46 embryos were still unaccounted for, and had possibly been implanted into other women at clinics part-owned by the formerly-Argentinian Dr. Ricardo Asch, in lands like Guatemala and India. The Orange County Register (June 2 & July 9 1995) said the Challenders are Christians, and are upset that their twins were stolen and given to a Jewess. Rabbi Rubenstein said Judaism allows embryo transfer, and that "because we have a shortage of Jews in the World, rabbis encourage to try every means possible for a couple Tiny Human Life page - 658 -

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to have children," and that "the child will be Jewish." Not only would Wentworth 's ten sets of clients thus have been robbed of their biological children. He alleged: that probably forty and possibly seventy couples had been cheated thus; that informed UCI employees had turned whistleblowers, and revealed this; that the UCI had then paid them $900 000 (of taxpayers ' money) to keep quiet about this; but that they later went public, on the ground that the matter was just too horrendous. For all of the above might suggest an international network for the kidnapping, and marketing tiny children. The above Register (Jan. 31 1996) further said that Dr. Asch, without parental consent, gave human embryos to a zoologist. 1996. Brisbane. Presbyterian Ethicist Dr. Nigel Lee recommends abandonment of the term 'abortion ' (where its meaning is 'feticide ') - and its substitution with the term 'pregnancy termination ' (which may or may not involve the death of the mother or her baby). Planned abortions of prenatal human fetuses resulting in the death of offspring, should henceforth be called "baby-killings" (subject to capital punishment). Too, the word 'euthanasia ' should be discontinued - for there is absolutely nothing at all 'eu ' (the Greek for 'good ') about killing any human beings. The new word should be 'malthanasia ' (from the Latin 'mal ' (= 'bad ') and the Greek thanasia (= 'death '). Courier Mail (3 Feb.) reports a N.S.W. Judge orders a lesbian alleged to have artificially inseminated her former lover, to pay the latter $151 000 maintenance, after she had given birth to resultant children. Weird scenario! Some human beings may now have up to three "fathers" (married-daddy and donor-daddy and adoptingdaddy) and up to seven "mothers" (married-mommy, fallopian-egg mommy, flushed-womb-mommy, test-tube-mommy, surrogate-mommy, adopting-mommy and clone-mommy). This yields up to eleven parents (if also a monkey-mommy is soon to be added) - instead of only two, as stated in Genesis 2:24f. IVF use of sperm from dead men and ovarian tissue from dead women or aborted female fetuses - opens up the soon-prospect of sperm-from-dead-daddy, ovum-fromdead-mommy, ovum-from-fetus-mommy, and even of grandchildren from their own cannibalized-fetal-mommy. Radicals further propose four more genders - bisexual, lesbian, sodomite and transgendered - beyond the two sexes (male and female) stated in Genesis 1:27f. The IVF program - just like communism and human cloning and manbeast experiments and polygamy and all other Tiny Human Life page - 659 -

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unnatural schemes - contains the seeds of its own destruction. The future belongs to the nuclear family from one man and one woman in one flesh. Rooted in creation; promoted by the incarnation; and embodied in the congregation - it remains indestructible. All deviations from it are predestined to wither away. Only the family of God, in the Church of Jesus Christ - adopted by and baptized into the heavenly family of Father, Son and Spirit - echoes the old and advances the new humanity.

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THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF AUSTRALIA ON TINY HUMAN LIFE

In May 1980 the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Queensland resolved to "affirm the Biblical teaching: of the Right to Life, especially as this applies to the unborn child; that all life is sacred to God; and that human life is a gift of God from conception."

In March 1983, the Public Questions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of Queensland approved the following statement. "Scripture suggests that human life, sexuality and personality all begin at conception. Job 3:3; Psalm 51:5; Luke 1:31-44. Such human life continues uninterruptedly from concep-tion to death. Genesis 25:21-34; Judges 13:3-7; Job 10:8-21; Psalm 22:9-20; 139:13-24. Medical evidence too shows that the sex of the zygote is deter-mined even at conception, and humanly verifiable shortly thereafter. "Abortion, both natural and artificial, consists of the interruption or termination of the development of a fertilized human ovum which is a tiny human being. Exodus 21:21-25; Numbers 12:12; Hosea 9:11 to 10:1. Natural abortions (including 'miscarriages ') occur as acts of God. As such, they are devoid of human guilt. Job 3:16; Psalm 58:8; Ecclesiastes 6:3-5. However, any unlawful human attempt to abort is murder in the sight of God wherever such attempt results in the death of a fertilised human ovum. Exodus 20:13 cf. Matthew 2:16-20. It is attempted murder in those cases where the foetus unexpectedly survives. First Corinthians 15:8 cf. Exodus 21:22. Indeed, even where unsuccessful, all human attempts to produce unlawful abortions are both sinful and criminal. "Under these circumstances, we cannot see any ground for artificial abortions, except when the life of the mother or child is threatened with imminent death and where such is certified to be the case by at least two competent medical authorities other than the one under consideration to perform the abortion. Cf. Numbers 35:30; Deuteronomy 19:15-21; Hebrews 10:28ff. Even then, everything possible must be done to try to save the lives of all threatened. In such rare cases if there is only enough time or opportunity to save one, the life of the mother is more crucial. Exodus 20:12-14; 21:15-17,22-24; 23:19; 34:26; Leviticus 22:27-28; Deuteronomy 14:21; 22:6-7; Matthew 15:3-6; John 11:50; 18:14; 19:25-27; Ephesians 5:25 to 6:3; Colossians 3:19-20; First Timothy 1:9; 3:4-5; 5:1-4; Second Timothy 1:3-5; 3:2,15; Tit. 1:6; 2:3-6. "All human pregnancies between spouses within marriage are an evidence of God 's blessing and are to be warmly welcomed Tiny Human Life page - 661 -

whenever they occur. Genesis 1:28; 9:1-7; 12:1; 15:1-6; ch. 17; 24:60,67ff; Psalm 127 & 128; Ephesians 5:22 to 6:3. "Artificial insemination from donor or vendor (AID) is immoral because it involves the non-coital insemination of a woman with sperm other than than of her own husband. Exodus 20:14; Commentaries of Keil & Delitzsch on Proverbs 5:15-20; Ezra 9:24; Nehemiah 9:2; First Corinthians 7:3-40.

"Complete human ectogenesis (through the utilization of animal or mechan-ical wombs to house human zygotes-embryos-foetuses throughout their period of gestation) is obviously unacceptable. This would totally obviate women need-ing to get pregnant in order to produce children, and would also eliminate a need for sexual intercourse in order to reproduce. Genesis 1:26-28; 2:22-25; 3:15-16; 4:1-2. For different reasons, even the utilization of surrogate human wombs for embryo transfer or for complete ectogenesis outside of the true mother is also unacceptable. Cf. Genesis 16:1-9; 17:15-21; 21:1-12; 30:1-13ff; Galatians 4:4-31. If human cloning (or non-coital production of carbon-copies of a parti-cular human being) should ever become possible (as some predict it soon will be), it would be unacceptable because of the clones ' non-coital origin and because of their threat to the God-given individuality of the person(s) cloned. Similarly, attempts at pre-conceptional or non-conceptional genetic engineering on human body-parts even for eugenetical reasons should be avoided with care. Genesis 1:16-18; 2:2225; Leviticus 18:6-16; Deuteronomy 19:29; Ecclesiastes 5:1-2; Isaiah 49:1-5; Zechariah 12:1; Ephesians 4:24; First Corinthians 11:8-15; Colossians 2:18ff & 3:10-11. "Where all legitimate attempts of married couples to produce their own children ultimately fail, childless spouses should accept God 's providence in this matter. Genesis 20:18; Leviticus 26:22; Judges 11:34-40; Jeremiah 20:14-18. They may then, however, turn to other legitimate alternatives. Such would include: their legal adoption of children born to but not wanted by other parents; caring for or teaching other peoples ' children; diaconal work among orphans; or 'spiritually adopting ' young people; etc. Genesis 15:2; 17:10-14; 24:2; Exodus 1:15-21; John 14:18; Acts 16:1-4; Romans 8:15-17; First Timothy 5:3-16; Second Timothy 1:1-6; Jeremiah 1:27."

In May 1983, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Queensland received this statement and then itself resolved inter alia to: "Affirm that artificial insemination from a donor or vendor is immoral because it involves the insemination of a woman with sperm other than that of her own husband.

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"Affirm that complete human ectogenesis through the utilisation of animal or mechanical 'wombs ' is unacceptable as is also the concept of surrogate 'motherhood. ' "Affirm that human cloning (should it become possible) should be prohib-ited because of the logical sequence of these convictions, namely (i) the one-ness of the marriage relationship; (ii) the understanding that this oneness should be inviolate in the begetting, the non-begetting, or adoption of child-ren; (iii) the divinely-ordained, complementary functions of husband and wife in their marriage, home and family; (iv) the human rights of the child within the mother 's womb and beyond -- all combine to give the clear understanding that human reproduction by cloning is not and could never be acceptable. "Affirm that abortion is always unacceptable -- except where at least two competent medical authorities (other than the one under consideration to per-form the abortion) deem the abortion essential to protect the life of a mother or of her prenatal child (or children), when threatened with immediate death should the pregnancy continue. "Affirm that if and when the rare contingency mentioned [above]...should ever arise, everything medically possible also be done to try to ensure the continuation of the lives of all that are thus being threatened."

In March 1984, Dr. Nigel Lee 's Report on Human Reproduction was approved by the Public Questions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of Queensland and transmitted to the Queensland State Assembly. Inter alia, it states: "The General Assembly [of 1983]...decided to 'request the Public Ques-tions and Communications Committee to finalise its attitude on Artificial Insemination by Husband (AIH) and on In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF), and to report back its findings to the next State Assembly '.... "STATEMENT ON AIH. (a) God 's normative guidelines for human reproduc-tion: According to God 's Word, these are the steps which should be followed by human beings in the process of reproduction: 1, courtship (First Thessa-lonians 4:1-8); 2, engagement (Matthew 1:18-25); 3, marriage (Genesis 2:22f); 4, coital insemination (Proverbs 5:15-19); 5, copulatory impregnation (Genesis 4:1); 6, intra-uxorial conception and zygotisation and nidation (Psalm 51:5 & 139:13-16); 7, intrauxorial embryonisation and fetal quickening (Genesis 25:21-24); and 8, birth from one 's own mother 's womb (Genesis 17:17-21). "Attempts to short-circuit any of these normative guidelines may well, by God 's grace, produce a live and healthy offspring. Tiny Human Life page - 663 -

But then either parents or descendants [or both] will sooner or later reap some degree of unhappiness -- because of the omission of one or more of the above normative guidelines. Galatians 6:7 cf. Hosea 8:7. (b) Unacceptability of reproduction by way of AIH: AIH is "artificial insemination from husband" and not "artificial insemination by husband." Still less is AIH the same as AIC (or 'assisted impregnation after coitus '). While AIH is quite distinct from and not nearly as objectionable as AID or 'artificial insemination from donor ' -even AIH is unacceptable on at least the following grounds. "Firstly, it involves non-coital insemination of the wife and thus eliminates the required sexual love-play between spouses. Secondly, it involves auto-erotic masturbation by the husband, in order to obtain his sperm. Thirdly, it embraces the intrusion of extra-marital technicians into the most intimate sexual activities of married couples. Fourthly, there is the possibility of long-term bad effects resulting from the chemical treatment of the semen after ejaculation but prior to the artificial insemination. And fifthly, its practice seems to proceed from an uncontented questioning of God 's providence in withholding pregnancy. Cf. Genesis 2:22-25; 30:1-2; 38:710; Exodus 20:17; Proverbs 5:15-20; Matthew 19:4-6; First Corinthians 7:1-14,18-24; First Timothy 6:6-8.

"However, where regular marital coitus proves to be chronically unfruit-ful; and where after further sustained prayers for children impregnation still does not occur -- AIC or 'assisted impregnation after coitus ' (at the most fruitful time of the wife 's monthly cycle, with or without fertility drugs and/or special diet etc.), becomes a morally-acceptable option. Cf. Genesis 25:21; 30:14-23; Leviticus 15:19-28; Judges 13:7; First Samuel 1:5-27; Song 7:7-13; Luke 1:7-13; First Corinthians 7:5.... "STATEMENT ON IVF. (a) Objections to IVF as such: There are many moral and other problems with IVF as such. First, IVF shares nearly all of the problems found in AIH. Further, the drug-induced multiple ovulation usually orchestrated in IVF procedures -- quite apart from the insertion of tools through the woman 's navel and the artificial harvesting of her eggcell(s) -- is hardly conducive to producing the best-quality ova, and may perhaps help cause certain subtle deformations (many of which may become detectable only later). "Again, the increasing medical malpractice of producing new human beings outside of the female human body seems to clash with the implications of the incarnation whereby even the unique God-man Jesus Christ was conceived inside a woman and nowhere else. And the unforeseen sudden death of the IVF eggTiny Human Life page - 664 -

donor after extra-uterine fertilisation but before embryo transfer into her womb, raises questions as to the (un)suitability of then using alternative human or animal or artificial 'wombs ' -- in a desperate attempt to preserve the lives of the then-motherless IVF zygote(s) or tiny human being(s) then alive in the 'test-tube ' as a result of these artificial IVF procedures. Cf. Genesis 4:1; Psalm 51:5; Luke 1:32-44; Galatians 4:4. "(b) Objections to simultaneous multiple IVFs: Attempts to bring about simultaneous multiple IVFs, are even more objectionable. They often produce more IVF-zygotes than are desired -- thereby causing problems as to the 'dis-posal ' of these human beings. Obviously, either abandoning or killing such redundant human zygotes should be unthinkable to any civilised person. But so too should transferring him or her or them to another foster-womb or to other foster-wombs -which at that point raises further problems similar to those of AID. "Freezing redundant IVF human zygotes in liquid nitrogen -- and subse-quently thawing and then implanting those human beings into a female womb or wombs -- involves a whole host of procedures incompatible with the human dig-nity of the mother and especially of her offspring(s). "Indeed, all of the above procedures raise innumerable legal, medical, and moral problems of a rather prohibitive nature. Genesis 9:5-7; 30:21-22; Exodus 20:12-14; 21:18-25; Numbers 25:16-21; First Samuel 24:12-15; 26:9-11; First Kings 18:4; Job 31:19-20; Psalm 82:4; Proverbs 24:11-12; 31:8-9; Jere-miah 26:15-16; Matthew 25:35-36,42-43; First Corinthians 7:1-5,14; Ephesians 5:28 to 6:4; First Thessalonians 5:14; James 1:17ff; 2:8-16. "Alternatives to AIH and IVF for Chronically Childless Couples. Where childlessness is encountered in marriage, the following steps should be considered: "(1) Avoidance of sterilisation. Cf. Exodus 23:26; Leviticus 21:17-21; 22:30f; 26:3-6; Deuteronomy 7:7-12; 23:1; 28:1-4,1518,40-41,53-59. "(2) Reversal of sterilisation, wherever Genesis 1:16-28; 9:1-7; Hebrews 11:11. possible. Cf.

"(3) Abandonment of all methods of birth control, including the Knaus-Ogino calendar method, until pregnancy may result. Cf. Genesis 38:8-10; Leviticus 15:19-28; First Corinthians 7:5. "(4) Commencement and continuation of sustained prayers for fructification. Genesis 25:21f; 29:31f; 30:1f,17f; 30:6,22,24; First Samuel 1:5-27; Luke 1:7-9,13,26-27. Tiny Human Life page - 665 -

"(5) After repeatedly unfruitful marital coitions, a short period of sexual abstinence, followed by sexual intercourse at the right time of the month and immediately accompanied by assisted impregnation with or without fertility drugs and/or special diet. Cf. Genesis 30:14f; Leviticus 15:19-28; Judges 13:7; Song 7:7-13; First Corinthians 7:5. "(6) Consideration of adopting children born to [yet no longer wanted by] others. Genesis 15:2; 17:10-14; 24:2. "(7) Where a person is single, but also in the case of a chronically-childless marriage, there should be frank acceptance of such childlessness. Consideration should then be given to at least some sublimative alternatives such as: caring for or teaching other peoples ' children (Exodus 1:15-21; Titus 2:3-4); diaconal work among widows and orphans (Acts 6:17; 9:36-39; First Timothy 5:3-16); spiritually adopting younger people (John 14:18; Acts 16:1-4; Romans 8:15-17; Second Timothy 1:1-6; James 1:27); celibate work in God 's Kingdom (Judges 11:34-40; Matthew 19:12f; First Corinthians 7:7,40); caring for animals or for plants etc. (Genesis 1:26f; 2:15-19f; James 3:3,7); church-related work, even if one has been irreversibly sterilised (Isaiah 56:3f; Matthew 19:12a; Acts 8:27f); and fruitful subjugation of the sub-human realm to the glory of God (cf. Genesis 2:5,12,15; Exodus 25:1f; 38:3f; 31:1f; 35:30f; 36:1f; Ecclesiastes 2:4f; 3:1-3,9-13; First Corinthians 10:31)."

May 1990. The Presbyterian Church of Queensland resolves to "request the Clerk to express its support to 'Right to Life Australia ' in its opposition to the planned 'decriminalisation ' of abortion in Queensland by the present State Government." It further resolves also to "request the Clerk to write to the Premier and the Attorney-General of Queensland reaffirming...that the Assembly opposes any law which allows, or encourages, the destruction of human life by abortion."

May 1991. Previously having received the 1983 Public Questions Commit-tee Report (stating that "any unlawful human attempt to abort is murder in the sight of God wherever such attempt results in the death of a fertilised human ovum") and its 1984 Report on Human Reproduction, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Queensland resolves to "advise the Premier, the Mini-ster of Justice and Corrective Services, Attorney-General, the Leader of the Opposition, Leader of the Liberal Party and the media that the Assembly re-quests the reintroduction of the death penalty when guilt of the offender has been proved beyond reasonable doubt in the case of murder. Genesis 9:5-6."

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May 1992. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Queensland resolves to "declare that personhood is to be considered to occur from the commencement of conception, which is from the penetration of the wall of the ovum by a sperm" -and that one should "treat the developing embryo as a person from the commencement of conception." This means that any removal and/or destruction of a zygote even less than a day old, such as one produced by two sperm-heads which penetrated the shell of the ovum and very likely to be grossly deformed, is abortive -- whether so removed from a woman after natural conception or whether removed from a test-tube after unnatural IVF.

September 1994. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Australia receives its Church and Nation Committee 's Report, which states "that Jesus was 'conceived by the Holy Spirit; born of the Virgin Mary; suffered under Pontius Pilate; was crucified, dead and buried; [and]...rose from the dead '.... Throughout these events, Jesus was and is the very same Jesus Who was conceived in the womb of His virgin mother.... To abort an embryo would be viewed in the same light as killing a child or an adult -- and would be tantamount to murder.... "The Old Testament specifically condemns all homosexual behaviour -- as an abomination, with the death penalty as its sanction. Leviticus 18:22f; 20:13. The New Testament is clear that homosexual conduct is dishonourable, unnatural and shameful. Romans 1:26-27. It states that, apart from repentance, it excludes the doers from salvation. First Corinthians 6:9-10. The Book of Revelation indicates that practising homosexuals are excluded from the tree of life and the holy city. Revelation 22:15." The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Australia resolves: "Abortion is always unacceptable except when at least two competent medical authorities (other than the person under consideration to perform the opera-tion) deem the abortion essential to protect the life of the mother when that is threatened with immediate death should the pregnancy continue.... If and when the rare contingency noted in the previous clause arises, everything medically possible should be done to seek the continuation of the lives in danger.... Marriage is the union before God, and at law, of a heterosexual couple. The family ought not to be redefined so as to permit homosexual marriage or to permit homosexual couples to adopt or foster children."

May 1995. Brisbane. The Presbyterian Church of Queensland "calls for the vigorous application of the current sections of the Criminal Code dealing with abortion, so that the lives of Tiny Human Life page - 667 -

the unborn are better protected; and calls upon the Government of Queensland to reframe the laws relating to abortion in accordance with the position held by the Presbyterian Church of Queensland" (as set out in 1980 and further in 1983, 1991 and 1992). It also notes that it "is opposed to trials of RU486 on the grounds that it is an abortifacient, and out of concern for the health and welfare of the women involved in those trials" - and requests the Federal Minister of Family Services ' "intervention to stop the proposed RU486 trials from continuing." Further, it unanimously protests against Australia 's Northern Territory Government 's legislating there in favour of so-called 'voluntary euthanasia. '

July 1995. Melbourne. The Presbyterian Church of Victoria 's Church and Nation Committee respectfully rebukes the Australian Governor-General for his June 1995 remarks defending euthanasia and the "rights" of same-sex couples to marriage and the adoption of children. It is regrettable, the Committee tells him, that he had "taken a position contrary to the standards of God 's Word."

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