Integrity Of The Image 2014 Campbell Report
world press photo
Report
The Integrity of the Image
Current practices and accepted standards relating to the manipulation of still images in photojournalism and documentary photography
A World Press Photo Research Project
By Dr David Campbell
November 2014
Published by the World Press Photo Academy
Contents
Executive Summary
2
8 Detecting Manipulation
14
1 Introduction
3
9 Verification
16
2 Methodology
4
10 Conclusion
18
3 Meaning of Manipulation
5
Appendix I: Research Questions
19
4 History of Manipulation
6
Appendix II: Resources: Formal Statements on Photographic Manipulation
19
5 Impact of Digital Revolution
7
About the Author
20
About World Press Photo
20
6 Accepted Standards and Current Practices
10
7 Grey Area of Processing
12
world press photo
1 | The Integrity of the Image – David Campbell/World Press Photo
Executive Summary
1 The World Press Photo research project on “The Integrity of the
Image” was commissioned in June 2014 in order to assess what current practice and accepted standards relating to the manipulation of still images in photojournalism and documentary photography are worldwide.
6 What constitutes a “minor” versus an “excessive” change is necessarily interpretative. Respondents say that judgment is on a case-by-case basis, and suggest that there will never be a clear line demarcating these concepts.
2
7 We are now in an era of computational photography, where most cameras capture data rather than images. This means that there is no original image, and that all images require processing to exist.
3 The principal finding is that there is a de facto global consensus on how media organizations understand the manipulation of images.
8 A further consequence of this is that the darkroom analogy is no longer a useful guide for debates on manipulation. This is the case firstly because all manipulations are possible in a darkroom, and secondly because digital photography has changed
Report
The Integrity of the Image
Current practices and accepted standards relating to the manipulation of still images in photojournalism and documentary photography
A World Press Photo Research Project
By Dr David Campbell
November 2014
Published by the World Press Photo Academy
Contents
Executive Summary
2
8 Detecting Manipulation
14
1 Introduction
3
9 Verification
16
2 Methodology
4
10 Conclusion
18
3 Meaning of Manipulation
5
Appendix I: Research Questions
19
4 History of Manipulation
6
Appendix II: Resources: Formal Statements on Photographic Manipulation
19
5 Impact of Digital Revolution
7
About the Author
20
About World Press Photo
20
6 Accepted Standards and Current Practices
10
7 Grey Area of Processing
12
world press photo
1 | The Integrity of the Image – David Campbell/World Press Photo
Executive Summary
1 The World Press Photo research project on “The Integrity of the
Image” was commissioned in June 2014 in order to assess what current practice and accepted standards relating to the manipulation of still images in photojournalism and documentary photography are worldwide.
6 What constitutes a “minor” versus an “excessive” change is necessarily interpretative. Respondents say that judgment is on a case-by-case basis, and suggest that there will never be a clear line demarcating these concepts.
2
7 We are now in an era of computational photography, where most cameras capture data rather than images. This means that there is no original image, and that all images require processing to exist.
3 The principal finding is that there is a de facto global consensus on how media organizations understand the manipulation of images.
8 A further consequence of this is that the darkroom analogy is no longer a useful guide for debates on manipulation. This is the case firstly because all manipulations are possible in a darkroom, and secondly because digital photography has changed