Discussion- Testicular feminization syndrome also known as Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, is an X-linked recessive disorder of sexual differentiation. Baby born at birth is genetically male with 46 XY but phenotypically present as female. At puberty they attain secondary sexual characteristics with cryptorchidism. It is due to mutation in AR gene present on X-chromosome which is unresponsive to androgen stimulation leading to failure masculinization of external…
A nine-year-old boy is brought into a clinic suspected of having a hypo- gonadism disorder. The physician ordered a test of the boys free testosterone after having considered this was the best option compared to testing the total testosterone. The test results came back at 25.0pg/ml reference range 0.1-3.2pg/ml flagged as high for the boy. Several months later a repeated test showed 28.0pg/ml reference range of 50-210pg/ml adult reference range flagged as high. Our paper will go into detail of how testosterone is tested, and relate it to the boy in figuring out what condition he may have.…
Which hormone controls female secondary sex characteristics and also plays a part in menstruation and…
form the pulmonary veins, which return the oxygenated blood to the left atrium. Backflow of…
The endocrine system contain glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream that act as a communication system that helps coordinate and control body functions like, reproduction, sexual development, growth and development, metabolism, and body energy levels. The thyroid gland produces thyroxin, which regulates the body’s metabolism. The parathyroid, control the levels of calcium and phosphate, which contribute to the body’s excitability levels. The pineal glands produce melatonin, which regulate sleep cycles. The pancreas controls the blood sugar levels. The adrenal glands are the body’s stress regulator, using the hormones epinephrine and nor epinephrine. The gonads in males are called the testes, which produce androgen, and in females, they are called the ovaries, which produce estrogen. Males and females produce and need both hormones for development and regulating body functions. Testosterone and androgens are associated with sexual interest and behavior in males and females. The amount of testosterone in a male has been linked to the levels of aggression they portray. When testosterone is low in females, they portray a behavior known as nesting. When estrogen levels are high, a female is more receptive to a male’s sexual attention. This probably has to do with the evolutionary psychology concerning procreation and the survival of the species. When a female is ovulating, and therefore has higher estrogen levels, she has higher levels of manual dexterity, verbal skills, and perceptual speed.…
Testosterone stimulates the male pattern of reproductive system ducts and descent of the testes. DHT stimulates the development of the male external genitals.…
* What are the main sex hormones? What do they contribute to in boys and girls?…
It has been shown that impulsive behavior and aggression have been associated with having low levels of serotonin. Evidence for the role of serotonin comes from the use of drugs that raise levels of serotonin in the brain, such as antidepressants. In clinical studies, antidepressant drugs which increase serotonin levels also tend to reduce irritability and impulsive aggression. This suggests that increased serotonin levels do lead to reduced aggression.…
Hormone: Chemical messengers that are secreted by glands to regulate development and specific metabolic processes.…
The testosterone (T) levels of buffalo bulls were moderately low from 5 to 21 months of age, and afterward demonstrate rise significantly from 21 to 26 months or therefore for one year, showing the degree of functional differentiation of the testis during this period (Ahmed et al., 1984). The testosterone concentration at 25 and 38 months of age were significantly different from each other and were also significantly different from the testosterone levels measured at 5 to 21 months (Ahmed et al., 1984). There were no differences in mean plasma T values measured in bulls at 5, 15, 17 and 21 months of age (Ahmed et al., 1984). Testosterone concentrations were very low in buffalo bull calves at birth and remained low up to 8 months of age (Hemeida…
Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychologicalhuman development generally occurring during the period from puberty to legal adulthood.…
The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things. The endocrine system is a very important system in the human body. There are many endocrine glands in this system, including -but not limited to- the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads, placenta, thymus, heart and gastric and intestinal mucosa. Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream. The basic function of the endocrine system is to maintain homeostasis. The endocrine system uses hormones to communicate/control.…
Sex hormones shape the development of the brain and sex organs and determine how these organs will be activated. I have also learned that hormones play important roles in behavior but do not cause male aggression.…
Biology can be used to explain a person’s gender using hormones and genes as a reason for gender behaviour, because hormones influence both genitalia and brain development which then influence the development of gender behaviour. This could explain why some girls and women become tom boys, perhaps due to too much exposure to testosterone during pre natal and adolescent development which masculinises the brain so that they display male gender behaviour; meaning a female may display the more masculine trait of spatial skills as the testosterone acts on this cerebral of the brain. A supporting hypothesis for this theory is Geswind & Galaburda (1987) who were the first to propose that sex differences are caused by the effects of testosterone levels on a developing brain. Research by Deady et al has demonstrated that this hypothesis may be correct; he found that high levels of salivary testosterone in biological females were linked with low scores of maternal personality. This study helps in supporting that hormones have a great influence on the development of gender behaviour, and that certain hormones can determine gender traits.…
Hormones play an important role in bodily functions of the living human as well as mental functions that allow us to create, write, act, or in general be productive humans. When any of our hormones or the glands that produce them are not in sync or producing properly, we may not be able to think at all, or we may be so emotionally dysfunctional that we become nonproductive. Thus hormones may have a tremendous effect on our human behavior. Our endocrine system is made up of many glands that secrete chemicals directly into our bloodstream or lymph system. These chemical are called hormones, which are carried through the body, having an effect both on internal activities and visible behavior (Coon, Mitterer, 2012). Hormones are like transmitters, activating other cells in the body.…