Granular Tin Lab Report

Discussion and Scientific Explanations The reaction was conducted using granular tin and hydrochloric acid. This mixture provided both a source of electrons and protons1. The electrons worked as the reducing agent in this mechanism1. Granular tin was chosen over a single plate of tin due to the fact that it would take much more time and effort to fully dissolve a single plate of tin. A plate of tin would be more bonded to each other and less likely to be reactive. With the addition of the concentrated hydrochloric acid, it was important to add it slowly while stirring. This is due to the fact that the HCl could cause foaming and bubbling1. If the HCl was all added immediately and without care, it is possible that it could have expanded
This is due to the fact that having mixed compounds will cause the melting point to grow in range and decrease in starting temperature2. If a compound is mixed, it means the crystalline structure will not be able to bind with itself as efficiently, as there will be different molecules in the way. This leads to weaker interactions, and therefore a lower melting point. Mixing the known and the synthesized product and testing the melting point will tell whether or not the synthesized product was what was expected to be
The peak at approximately 1,700 is indicative of a ketone. There are no bands that would be indicative of an NO2 group. This indicates that the nitrate group disappeared and was replaced with an amine group. NMR is a technique that measures both the molecular structure and the purity of the compound4. It does so by taking advantage of the polarity of the molecules4. NMR applies an external magnet to the molecule and, based on the change in energy of the protons, identifies if they are equivalent protons or not4. The larger the peak on the resulting graph, the larger the number of equivalent protons. If the peaks have splitting in them, it indicates that there are protons on a nearby atom that are interfering with the signal. Both of these indicators allow NMR to be a reliable way to measure the purity of a molecule. To further confirm the identity of the compound from week 1, it was necessary to analyze the compound using NMR. The peak at approximately 5.5 PPM indicated the presence of an amine group, as shown in Figure 2. The peak at approximately 2.5 PPM indicated the presence of a methyl group. This further confirms the presence of the amine group from the IR. There was also no indication of a nitrate