The first main sociological question in the "Fraternities and Rape on Campus" study performed by Patricia Yancey Martin and Robert A. Hummer was, "What characteristics do fraternities have that make them prone to objectification of women and more likely to commit gang rape on college campuses and why fraternities encourage the sexual coercion of women.…
Boswell, Spade, Scully and Marolla explore and examine the perception of rape. Boswell and Spade’s article on collegiate rape culture focuses on the different environments and their effect on gender relations. Scully and Marolla’s article on the vocabulary of rapists mainly focuses on how rapists explain and justify their actions. Fraternity brothers and convicted rapists share certain perceptions and reactions towards rape and its victims. They are both involved within a pervasive rape culture that blames female victims for their attacker’s crimes, but it denotes rapists as insane criminals, which leads to the invisibility of rape culture within the ‘normal’ society.…
Sailormoon, the world renowned animated series, comes from the Japanese Shōjo manga, written and illustrated by female author Naoko Takeuchi. The main distinguishing feature of Shōjo manga is that it is specifically aimed at young female viewers and involves some form of (usually magical) female protagonist (Saito 143). Kumiko Saito, in her essay on Magical Girl Anime and the Challenges of Changing Gender Identities in Japanese Society, acknowledges that the Shōjo genre exhibits “various possibilities of power for both men and women”; however, she argues that these potentials are marginalized by “contradictory messages conveyed by metaphors of magic and transformation” (162). In this essay, I will explain the ways in which the internationally…
What is rape culture? This issue is prevalent in contemporary society, especially on university campuses. Filipovic blames this prevalence on “religious conservatives” (13); they want men to remain the most dominant sex while women remain submissive to these men, hence maintaining the status-quo. Valenti, on the other hand, casts her blame on the sexual purity myth, which is the “lie” that a woman’s value and importance depend on her sexuality (Valenti 299). If she is a virgin, she is the preferred woman (any woman not in that category has no morals). These two articles provide reasons that position societal institutions as…
Culture is how a group of people share the same beliefs and values. Cultures pass on these values and beliefs from generation to generation. “Cultures grow and change very slowly, and have many means of protecting themselves” (Wrench, McCroskey, & Richmond, 2008).…
Katz, J. (2015). Effects of Group Status and Victim Sex on Male Bystanders’ Responses to a Potential Party Rape. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24(5), 588-602.…
Sexual assault occurs due to the stereotyped theory that powerful positions that men may have in society, this wider image of women living in a society which is dominated by men arises from past gender binaries. Most individuals seek to understand the several reasons why it is them that become victims of sexual assault or abuse. These unidentified reasons may vary from the fear of one leading this crime onto them, feeling that life is unfair and accounting for the…
By evaluating the various structures and its functionality it provides, the function of gender contributes to the stability of our society. Specifically gender roles assign the responsibilities of women and men. In social role theory the gender stereotypes arise from historical occupations such as men being the breadwinner and women being the homemaker. In order to be in harmony with this perspective it is that women and men become active participants of these gender stereotypes in the workforce (Rudman & Phelan, 2010, p. 192). Stereotypes are learnt through the socialization process and influence stereotypical characteristics and roles. Interestingly enough Rudman & Phelan (2010) suggest that women exposed to non-traditional gender occupations,…
VAN DER VOO, Lee. "Sexual violence on campus: not just a crime of men again women." Investigate West. Investigative Journalism for the Pacific Northwest, 25 Feb. 2010. Web. 29 Apr. 2015. <http://www.invw.org/node/941>.…
Over the course of history female gangs have been largely overlooked from the focus of gang studies and research, the main focus has been how males are influenced and influence the world through gang membership. Anne Campbell argued this in her piece The Girls in the Gang, stating that it started with Frederic Thrasher’s work that merely focused on delinquent boys, even noting that the research conducted on female gangs has been largely done by male researchers (Venkatesh, 1998). However, the reality is that, girls have become more and more active in gangs since the 1980’s (Molidor, 1996). Furthermore, female gang participation has been increasing in recent times with the rate of female gang membership at ten percent (Cyr and Decker, 2003). However, self-report surveys tell a different story with the rate of females in gangs at twenty-two…
I believe the biggest challenge college students face today is the fact that a lot of them are not mentally prepared. A lot of students do not realize that college is a whole new ball game. In high school some people do not really have to study to make an A, but in college you really have to work for just getting a B. Some students can go in with the mentality "well I was one of the best at my school, it is not going to be different in college" and that is what is wrong. Students in high school should have a week or two were they are graded as if they were in college just to give them a taste of how much they have to work and how disappointing it may be for…
People have contributed to gender stereotypes by refusing to the chain. Cooking is now only women’s job, having makeup on is the only way to be classified as beautiful, and lastly; to be a man, you must act manly. Gender stereotypes have been obscured by today’s society through all forms; media, actions, rules, and obligations set by certain communities.…
Throughout this essay, sexual violence is a major theme. Sexual violence has changed over time, however it seems like certain aspects of sexual violence have been passed on and have worsen with time. Sexual violence is a topic that is discuss solely young women through different outlets, such as media, educations, personal relationships, and etc., however if forget that both men and women can be sexual assaulted. Sexual violence is a major issue on both college and universities campuses with young adults who have found their freedom and tend to think about the consequences that are to follow. Even though sexual violence solely focuses on women, society has shaped sexual violence through class and race, rape culture, and consent.…
College campus sexual assault is a phenomenon that should not readily be a source of topic in a modern westernized society considering the virtues that are espoused by a society that claims self-actualized morality and ethics. It is the attempt of this paper to look at some of the criminological and theoretical philosophies as to why these types of crimes occur on college campuses, and to address if possible a research design to test the aforementioned philosophies, and to look at the legal ramifications of these crimes and their actions as well if there is any administrative recourse that colleges and universities can employ to prevent these types of crimes.…
There is a public concern regarding the increase of sexual assaults on college campuses across North America, as between one-third and one-half of college men have reported committing some form of sexual assault towards a woman (Sutton & Simons, 2015, p. 2827). Moreover, the college community is uneased seeing that freshmen women are at a higher risk of being victimized (Orchowski, Untied, & Gidcyz, 2013, p. 940). Assaults have increased, with one in five college women have reported have experienced rape (Orchowski, Untied, & Gidcyz, 2013, p. 940), due to the insufficient and ineffectual preventive methods, as many campuses cannot agree on the definition of sexual assault. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, sexual assault is…