Frailty In The Elderly

Intrinsic factors, the personal and individual behavior plays a significant role in developing frailty. Personal characteristics which include biology and physiology were discovered to be reliable predictors of functional limitations in elderly, who consequently develop frailty (Chang, Yang, Nieh, & Wen, 2015; Chen, Mao, & Leng, 2014; Fried et al., 2001; Tocchi, 2015). Personal characteristics such as cellular senescence (LeBrasseur, Tchkonia, & Kirkland, 2015), ethnicity, female gender and age (Espinoza & Hazuda, 2015), gene (Interleukin-18 gene) (Mekli, Marshall, Nazroo, Vanhoutte, & Pendleton, 2015) , and educational and health status, demonstrated an association with frailty (Chang et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2014; Fried et al., 2001; Mitnitski
The chronic inflammation (serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin 6(IL-6)) is a key related to aged-declination, such as neuro-cardiovascular alteration, sarcopenia, and cognitive alteration (Chen et al., 2014; Tocchi, 2015). Moreover, it is clear that comorbidities such as diabetics mellitus (DM), stroke, hip fracture, history of heart disease (CHD), and arthritis significantly increase the risk of frailty (Ambrose, Cruz, & Paul, 2015; Zaslavsky et al., 2013). For the personal behavior, alcohol consumption, sedentary (inactivity) (Guyonnet et al., 2015), fear of falls (Collard et al., 2015; Milte & Crotty, 2014; Smith, Chen, Clarke, & Gallagher, 2015), and medication misuse (D. H. Kim & Schneeweiss, 2014) are the influencing factors that diminished physical activities and increased risk of secondary falls; these behaviors rise risk of emerging frailty. Importantly, older smokers were at risk to develop osteoporosis from nicotine-induced bone loss, and osteoporosis was typically related to falls resulting even more severe injuries (de Vries, Peeters, Lips, & Deeg, 2013; Sternberg et al., 2014; van den Bergh, van Geel, & Geusens,