English 105
Final Exam Review Sheet
What are the four elements of the social bond? * Attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
What is the difference between primary and secondary deviation? * Primary is enactment of deviant behavior itself and secondary is deviance that results from previous deviations.
What is Drift? * State of limbo between convention and crime.
What is neutralization? * Words or phrases that excuse or justify law-breaking behavior.
Know the techniques of neutralization? * Denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, condemnation of the condemners, appeal of higher loyalties.
How could crime and deviance be considered “functional” for society? * It clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms, it encourages social unity, and it promotes social change.
What is anomie? * the breakdown of social order as a result of the loss of standards and values, normlessness
How does Merton’s anomie/strain theory explain crime? * Argues that integrated societies maintain a balance between social structure (approved social means) and culture (approved goals). Argues that all members of society subscribe to one set of cultural values—that of the middle class.
Know the five different adaptions to strain that Merton describes. * Conformity, innovation, ritualism, rebellion, and retreatism.
What are the three types of strain that Agnew describes? * Strain caused by failure to achieve positively valued goals. Stress caused by the removal of positively-valued stimuli from the individual. Strain caused by the presentation of negatively-valued stimuli.
How does strain lead to crime? * Strain leads to negative affective state which causes people to cope with their negative state with either criminal or non-criminal coping strategies.
How does the conflict perspective explain crime? * Enforcement does not serve everyone, but the interests of the powerful
Know the evidence regarding powder and
What are the four elements of the social bond? * Attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
What is the difference between primary and secondary deviation? * Primary is enactment of deviant behavior itself and secondary is deviance that results from previous deviations.
What is Drift? * State of limbo between convention and crime.
What is neutralization? * Words or phrases that excuse or justify law-breaking behavior.
Know the techniques of neutralization? * Denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, condemnation of the condemners, appeal of higher loyalties.
How could crime and deviance be considered “functional” for society? * It clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms, it encourages social unity, and it promotes social change.
What is anomie? * the breakdown of social order as a result of the loss of standards and values, normlessness
How does Merton’s anomie/strain theory explain crime? * Argues that integrated societies maintain a balance between social structure (approved social means) and culture (approved goals). Argues that all members of society subscribe to one set of cultural values—that of the middle class.
Know the five different adaptions to strain that Merton describes. * Conformity, innovation, ritualism, rebellion, and retreatism.
What are the three types of strain that Agnew describes? * Strain caused by failure to achieve positively valued goals. Stress caused by the removal of positively-valued stimuli from the individual. Strain caused by the presentation of negatively-valued stimuli.
How does strain lead to crime? * Strain leads to negative affective state which causes people to cope with their negative state with either criminal or non-criminal coping strategies.
How does the conflict perspective explain crime? * Enforcement does not serve everyone, but the interests of the powerful
Know the evidence regarding powder and