Drug Addiction, Traving, And Relapse

What is drug addiction? It is a chronic, relapsing disorder in which compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviour persists despite serious negative consequences. Several things are thought to be correlated with drug addiction as discuss which in turn affects the central nervous system that eventually leads to tolerance, physical dependence, sensitization, craving, and relapse The addictive drugs discussed in the article are opioids, cannabinoids, ethanol, cocaine, amphetamines, and nicotine all of which have various behavioural changes and withdrawal symptoms displayed.
Firstly, Opioids are short term use of heroin or morphine that produces euphoria, sedation, and a feeling of tranquillity, it also produces tolerance and intense physical
The motor activity increases blood pressure and pulse rate which induces the release of corticotrophin, and cortisol. Long term use may cause irritability, aggressiveness, stereotype behaviour, and paranoid-like hallucination. Depression, lack of energy, insomnia and craving is very intense which increases the effect but some consumers have hallucinogenic effects. Being intoxicated with amphetamine can cause cerebral haemorrhage, hyperthermia and heat stroke. The serotonin syndrome is panicking and hallucination which also alters mental status. Amphetamine may have toxic effects on dopamine and serotonin neurons while cocaine is a potent blocker of the dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin uptake transporters. Amphetamines cause neuronal storage vesicles in the cytoplasm to release neurotransmitters to the synapse which inhibit the uptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin by membrane transporters and act as mild inhibitors of monoamine oxidase.
After research, theories of addiction have mainly been developed from neurobiologic evidence and data from studies of learning behaviour and memory mechanisms. They overlap in some cases but none of them alone can explain all aspects of addiction. A detailed assessment of these theories was not provided due to the complexity of the problem. Generally, addictive drugs can act as positive or negative reinforcers. It was further stated that “environmental stimuli associated with drug use itself can also induce a conditioned response in the absence of the