Dreyfus Affair Of 1894

European History 1112, (WEB)
Second Exam, Spring 2017
10 points
Dr. Drakatos

Name: James Oiler

I. Answer the following 2 questions in essay form (5 points each)
1. Discuss Herzl’s argument for the need to form a Jewish State.

Theodor Herzl was born in Budapest, Hungary on May 2nd, 1860, and was one of the world’s most prominent Jewish activists. Herzl’s position on anti-Semitism was that it was a social issue, and if Jewish people organized counter efforts to anti-Semitism, then Jews would be able to gain acceptance among society. The Dreyfus Affair of 1894 was an important event for Herzl, where Captain Alfred Dreyfus, who was Jewish, was falsely convicted of treason and sent to prison for almost five years. Because of the Dreyfus Affair,
Mussolini’s father, Alessandro, was a part-time socialist journalist who raised his son to follow socialist values, and even took Mussolini to socialist party meetings. Mussolini was seemingly raised to get into politics, and would eventually become an active socialist himself. In 1912, Mussolini became an editor for a newspaper called “Avanti!”, and used his position and influence to further spread socialist principles. Mussolini quickly gained popularity among his readers, and circulation for the newspaper doubled. Initially opposed to Italy’s intervention in World War One, Mussolini changed his mind when he was influenced by Karl Marx’s decree that social revolution usually follows war. Due to being publicly in favor of the war, he was expelled from the Socialist Party, and would shortly after volunteer to fight in the war. As a sharpshooter, Mussolini was quickly promoted to Corporal, however was forced to resign after suffering an injury in battle. At the end of his military career, Mussolini quickly entered politics; however had different ideologies then previously. Mussolini advocated the placement of a dictator, someone with the power to resolve the economic and political issues that was impacting Italy at the
At political rallies, Mussolini had the charisma and stature to win over crowds, despite the content of his speeches being filled with contradictions, incorrect facts, and outright malicious in intent. Fascist squads and militias referred to as “black shirts”, often terrorized political enemies in the name of Mussolini, although were not officially organized by him initially. With the government weakened from the war, and Fascist black shirts attacking local governments, Mussolini rose to power. In October 1922, around 30,000 black shirts gathered in the “March on Rome” to demand the resignation of the Prime Minister. On October 29, 1922, the king named Mussolini as the the youngest Prime Minister in Italian history. Once Mussolini and the Fascist party gained power, they used their majority to pass new laws giving Mussolini the right to rule by decree, giving him total and complete