Draft

SPANISH PERIOD
(1565-1872)

The First Books

1. Doctrina Cristiana - first book printed in the Philippines in 159; written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva in Tagalog and Spanish; contained Our Father, Hail Mary, Hail Holy Queen, the Ten Commandments of God, the Commandments of the Catholic Church, the Seven Mortal Sins, How to Confess, the Cathecism 2. Nuestra Señora del Rosario – second book printed in the Philippines written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602; printed at the UST Printing Press; contains biographies of saints, novenas, questions and answers on religion 3. Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombres – first book printed in typography 4. Ang Barlaan at Josephat – Biblical story printed in the Philippines and translated to Tagalog from Greek by Fr. Antonio de Borja 5. The Pasion – about life and sufferings of Jesus Christ
Versions
a. Pilapil (written by Mariano Pilapil in 1814) b. De Belen (Gaspar Aquino de Belen, 1704) c. De la Merced (Aniceto de la Merced, 1856) d. De Guia (Luis de Guia, 1750) 6. Urbana at Felisa – about the exchanges of letters between two sisters; influenced the behavior of people; written by Modesto de Castro (Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog) 7. Ang Mga Dalit kat Maria (Psalms for Mary) – collection of songs praising Virgin Mary written by Fr. Mariano Sevilla in 1865, popular during Flores de Mayo festival

Literary Compositions

1. Blancas de San Jose in 1610; translated to Tagalog by Tomas Pinpin in 1610 2. Coompendio de la Lengua Tagala by Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin in 1703 3. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala by Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura in 1613 4. Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga by Fr. Diego in 1732 5. Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya by Mateo Sanchez in 1711 6. Arte de la Lengua Ilokana by Francisco Lopez 7. Arte de la Lengua Bicolana by Fr. Marcos Lisbon in 1754

Recreational Plays

1. Tibag – ritual to remind people of the search of St. Helena for the cross on which Jesus died 2. Lagaylay – special occasion for the Pilareños of Sorsogon during Maytime 3. The Cenaculo – commemorates the passion and death of Jesus Christ; two kinds are Cantada and Hablada 4. Panunuluyan – search of Mary and Joseph for an inn wherein to deliver Jesus 5. The Salubong – Easter play that dramatizes meeting of the Risen Jesus and his Mother 6. Carillo (Shadow Play) – performed during a town fiesta or on dark nights after harvest 7. Zarzuela – father of the drama; musical comedy or melodrama in three acts 8. Sainete – short musical comedy

Moro-moro – presented on special stage showing battle between Christians and Mohammedans
Karagatan – celebrated during the death of a person
Duplo – replaced Karagatan
Balagtasan – replaced Duplo; held to honor Fracisco Baltazar
Dung-Aw – chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his representative beside the corpse
Awit – dodecasyllabic verse
Corrido – octosyllabic

PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT
(1872-1898)

A. Propaganda Movement (1872-1896)
Led by Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, Pedro Paterno

Objectives of this movement: 1. Get equal treatment for Filipinos and Spaniards under the law 2. Make Philippines a colony of Spain 3. Restore Filipino representation in Spanish Courts 4. Filipinize parishes 5. Give Filipinos freedom of speech, press, assembly and redress of grievances

B. Highlights of the Propaganda Movement 1. Dr. Jose P. Rizal – studied at Ateneo de Manila, UST, Universidad Sentral of Madrid, University of Leipzig and Heidelberg; pen-names were Laong Laan and Dimasalang
His books and writings: a. Noli Me Tangere b. El Filibusterismo c. Mi Ultimo Adios d. Sobre La Indolencia de los Filipinos – essay on Filipino indolence e. Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años – essay predicting the increasing influence of the US f. A La Juventud Filipina – poem dedicated to the Filipino youth studying at UST g. El Consejo de los Dioses – allegorical play h. Junto al Pasig i. Me Piden Versos and A Las Flores de Heidelberg – 2 poems manifesting Rizal’s unusual depth of emotion j. Notas a la Obra Sucesos de las Filipinas for el Dr. Antonio de Morga k. P. Jacinto: Memorias de Un Estudiante de Manila l. Diario de Viaje de Norte America

2. Marcelo H. del Pilar – popularly known for his pen-names like Plaridel, Pupdoh, Piping Dilat and Dolores Manapat. He established Diariong Tagalog in 1882. He traveled to Spain in 188 to avoid banishment. He replaced Graciano Lopez Jaena as editor of La Solidaridad.
His books and writings: e. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa – translated from the Spanish Amor Patria of Rizal f. Kaiingat Kayo (1888) g. Dasalan at Tocsohan (1888) h. Ang Cadaquilaan ng Dios i. Sagot sa Espanya sa Hibik ng Pilipinas – A poem pleading for change from Spain j. Dupluhan…Dalit…Mga Bugtong – compilation of poems on the oppression by the priests k. La Soberania en Pilipinas – focuses on the injustices of the friars l. Por Telefono m. Pasiong Dapat Ipag-alab ng Puso ng Taong Babasa

3. Graciano Lopez Jaena – a known writer and orator. He wrote 100 speeches which were published by Remigio Garcia. In 1887, he went to Spain to escape punishment from his enemies. He moved to Barcelona where he established La Solidaridad.
La Solidaridad became the voice of Associacion Hispano de Filipinas (a Filipino-Spanish Association) composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who work for reforms.
He then sold the rights of La Solidaridad to del Pilar.
His writings: a. Ang Fray Botod – showed how greedy, ambitious and immoral friars were b. La Hija del Fraile and Everything is Hambug – tragedy of marrying a Spaniard c. Sa mga Pilipino…1891… d. Talumpating Pagunita kay Kolumbus e. En Honor del Presidente Morayta de Associacion Hidalgo 1884 f. Amor a España o a las Jovenes de Malolos (To the Youth of Malolos) g. El Bandolerismo en Pilipinas (Banditry in the Philippines) h. Honor en Pilipinas i. Pag-alis sa Buwis sa Pilipinas j. Institucion ng Pilipinas

4. Other Propagandists a. Antonio Luna – a pharmacist who was banished by the Spaniards to Spain; joined the Propaganda Movement and contributed his writings to la Solidaridad. His pen-name as Tagailog. He died at the age of 33.
His writings: i. Noche Buena - true Filipino life ii. Se Devierten iii. La Tertulia Filipina iv. Por Madrid v. La Casa de Huespedes b. Mariano Ponce – editor-in-chief, biographer and researcher of the Propaganda Movement; Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning were his pen-names.
His writings: vi. Mga Alamat ng Bulacan vii. Pagpugot kay Longinos – a play viii. Sobre Filipinos ix. Ang mga Pilipino sa Indo-Tsina c. Pedro Paterno – scholar, dramatic, researcher and novelist of Propaganda Movement; first Filipino writer who escaped censorship of the press during the last day of the Spanish colonization.
His writings: x. Ninay – first social novel in Spanish by a Filipino xi. A Mi Madre xii. Sampaguita y Poesias Varias – collection of his poems d. Jose Ma. Panganiban – pen-name was Jormapa; known for having photographic mind. His writings were: xiii. Ang Lupang Tinubuan xiv. Ang Aking Buhay xv. Su Plano de Estudio xvi. El Pensamiento

C. Period of Active Revolution (1896-1898)
The Filipinos did not get the reforms demanded by the propagandists. The government became more oppressive. Like Bonifacio, Jacinto, Mabini, Palma, Valenzuela etc., decided that there was no other way except to revolt.

The literature was mostly accusations against the government and was meant to arouse the Filipinos to unite and to prepare for independence.

D. Highlights of the Active Revolution
Andres Bonifacio – known as Father of Filipino Democracy and Father of the Katipunan. Some of his writings include: Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog, Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan, Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa, and Huling Paalam.

Emilio Jacinto – assistant of Bonifacio in the establishment of Katipunan; called the Brains of the Katipunan. Few of his writings are as follows: Kartilya ng Katipunan, Liwanag at Dilim, A Mi Madre, and A La Patria.

Apolinario Mabini – the Sublime Paralytic and Brains of the Revolution. He became known to his professors because of his sharp memory. He became right-hand of Aguinaldo. Foci of his writings are on government, society, philosophy and politics. Some of his works are El Verdadero Decalgo (Ten Commandments), El Desarollo y Caida de la Republica Pilipina, Sa Bayan Pilipino, and Pahayag.

Other Revolutionists

Jose Palma – wrote the lyrics of Himno Nacional Filipino (the Philippine National Anthem). Some of his works are Melancolia and De Mi Jardin.

E. Newspapers during the Revolution 1. Heraldo de la Revolucion 2. La Independencia 3. La Republica Pilipina 4. La Libertad

THE AMERICAN REGIME (1898-1941)

The different forms of literature during this period were news reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays, novels, etc. These depicted the Filipino writers’ love of country and their longing for independence.

Newspapers that showed the growing interest of Filipinos in the field of literature were the following: 1. El Nuevo Dia – established by Sergio Osmeña in 1900. American censors banned this twice 2. El Grito del Pueblo – established by Pascual Poblete in 1900 3. El Renacimiento (The Rebirth) – founded by Rafael Palma in 1901
The following were the plays which after the first and second presentations were put to stop by the Americans because the theme was on nationalism: 1. Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas (Aurelio Tolentino) – depicted suppression done by the Americans 2. Tanikalang Ginto (Juan Abad) 3. Malaya (Tomas Remigio) 4. Walang Sugat (Severino Reyes)

A. Characteristics of Literature During this Period
Three groups of writers: 1. Literature in Spanish – inspiration of Filipino writers was Rizal. Writers who were influenced by Rizal’s writings were: a. Cecilio Apostol – wrote poems dedicated to Rizal, Jacinto, Mabini, and all other heroes. His poem “A Rizal” (To Rizal) is considered the best poem in praise of Rizal. b. Fernando Ma. Guerrero – had a collection of poems called Crisalidas. c. Jesus Balmori – well-known for his pen-name Batikuling. He was elected Poet Laureate in Spanish d. Manuel Bernabe – lyric poet e. Claro M. Recto – had a collection of poems entitled Bajo Los Cocoteros f. Other writers in Spanish were Adelina Guerrea (first woman poet in the Philippines), Isidro Marpori, Macario Adriatico, Epifanio de los Santos, and Pedro Aunario 2. Tagalog Literature
Florante at Laura of Balagtas and Urbana at Felisa of Modesto de Castro became the inspiration of Tagalog writers. Three kinds of Tagalog poets were: Poet of the Heart, Poets of Life, and Poets of the Stage.
Some of the writers during this period: g. Lope K. Santos (Father of the National Language Grammar) h. Jose Corazon de Jesus (Huseng Batute) i. Amado V. Hernandez (Poet of the Laborers); wrote Ang Panday j. Valeriano Hernandez Peña – known as Tandang Anong; pen-name was Kuntil Butil k. Iñigo Ed. Regalado l. Severino Reyes – dramatist m. Aurelio Tolentino n. Hermogenes Ilagan o. Pedro Bukaneg – Father of Ilocano Literature p. Claro Caluya – Prince of Ilacano Poets q. Juan Crisostomo Soto – Father of Kapampangan Literature r. Edilberto Gumban s. Magdalena Jalandoni
Two collections of Tagalog stories published during this period were Mga Kuwentong Ginto (1936) by Alejandro Abadilla and Clodualdo del Mundo and 50 Kuwentong Ginto ng 50 Batikang Kuwentista (1939) by Pedrito Reyes.

3. Philippine Literature in English
This period was divided into three frames: t. Period of Re-orientation (1898-1910) – writers of this period were still adjusting to the newfound freedom.
Sursum Corda (1907) by Justo Juliano was the first work to be published in English u. Period of Imitation (1910-1924) – UP College Folio published literary compositions of the first Filipino writers in English (1919). Filipino writers were influenced by Longfellow and Hawthorne, Allan Poe, Wordsworth, Tennyson and other American writers. v. Period of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941) – Filipino writers acquired mastery of English writing

The Japanese Period
(1941-1945)

Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when the Philippines was once again conquered by the Japanese. Philippine literature in English halted. This became advantageous to Tagalog Literature because writers In English turned to writing in Tagalog.

A. Tagalog Poetry During this Period
Common themes were on nationalism, love, life in barrios, about faith, religion and the arts. Three types of poems during this period: 1. Haiku – poem of free verse; made up of 17 syllables – first line with 5 syllables, second line with 7 syllables, third with 7 syllables 2. Tanaga – short like Haiku but with measure and rhyme; each line has 17 syllables 3. Karaniwang Anyo B. Tagalog Drama During the Japanese Period
Playwrights during this period were: 1. Jose Ma. Hernandez – wrote Panday Pira 2. Francisco Rodrigo – Sa Pula, Sa Puti 3. Clodualdo del Mundo – wrote Bulaga 4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda – Sino ba Kayo?, Dahil sa Anak, and Higante ng Patay C. Tagalog Short Story
Many wrote short stories in this period. Among them were Brigido Batungbakal, Macario Pineda, Serafin Guinigundo, Liwayway Aceo, NVM Gonzales, etc. In 1945, the best writings were awarded: 1st-Narciso Reyes for Lupang Tinubuan; 2nd-Liwayway Arceo for Uhaw ang Tigaw na Lupa; and 3rd-NVM Gonzales for Lunsod Nayon at Dagat-Dagatan. D. Philippine Literature in English (1941-1945)
Philippine literature in English experienced dark period for there had been strict prohibitions imposed by the Japanese in the writing and publishing works in English. Most writings were journalistic in nature.
Carlos P. Romulo was one of the noteworthy writers in this period. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his “I Saw the Fall of Philippines, I See the Philippines Rise” and “His Mother America and My Brother Americans”.

The Journalists during this period: 1. Salavador P. Lopez 2. Leon Ma. Guerrero 3. Raul Manglapuz 4. Carlos Bulosan – wrote The Laughter of My Father (1944), The Voice of Bataanm Six Filipino Poets

Nick Joaquin – wrote The Woman Who Looked Like Lazarus
F.B. Icasiano – wrote essays in The Philippine Review
Commonwealth Literary Awards gave prizes to the meritorious writers: 1. Like the Molave by Rafael Zalueta de Costa (Poetry) 2. How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife by Manuel E. Arguilla (Short Story) 3. Literature and Society by Salvador P. lopez (Essay) 4. His Native Soil by Juan Laya (Novel)
The Good Fight – Pres. Manuel L. Quezon’s autobiography was published