Communist Manifesto
the Communist Manifesto
By Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels
Written: Late 1847.
First Published: February 1848.
Source: Marx/Engels Selected Works, Volume One, Progress Publishers, Moscow, USSR, 1969, pp. 98-137.
Translated: Samuel Moore in cooperation with Frederick Engels, 1888.
Transcription/Markup: Zodiac and Brian Basgen
Proofread: Checked and corrected against the English Edition of 1888, by Andy Blunden, 2004.
Public Domain: This work is completely free. Marx/Engels Internet Archive (marxists.org) 1991, 2000, 2004.
A specter is haunting Europe — the specter of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this specter: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies.
Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as communistic by its opponents in power? Where is the opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of communism, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries?
Two things result from this fact:
I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be itself a power. II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Specter of Communism with a manifesto of the party itself.
To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London and sketched the following manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages.
Bourgeois and Proletarians[1] [pic]
1. The history of all hitherto existing society[2] is the history of class struggles.
2. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master[3] and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant
By Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels
Written: Late 1847.
First Published: February 1848.
Source: Marx/Engels Selected Works, Volume One, Progress Publishers, Moscow, USSR, 1969, pp. 98-137.
Translated: Samuel Moore in cooperation with Frederick Engels, 1888.
Transcription/Markup: Zodiac and Brian Basgen
Proofread: Checked and corrected against the English Edition of 1888, by Andy Blunden, 2004.
Public Domain: This work is completely free. Marx/Engels Internet Archive (marxists.org) 1991, 2000, 2004.
A specter is haunting Europe — the specter of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this specter: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies.
Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as communistic by its opponents in power? Where is the opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of communism, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries?
Two things result from this fact:
I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be itself a power. II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Specter of Communism with a manifesto of the party itself.
To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London and sketched the following manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages.
Bourgeois and Proletarians[1] [pic]
1. The history of all hitherto existing society[2] is the history of class struggles.
2. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master[3] and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant