Business Letter

WRITING – PART 1:
• • • 1. Write at least 150 words (no more than 170 words) Do not need to write your own address Begin the letter as follow|: Dear Sir / Madams

You wrote to the Harvey School of English last month asking for a brochure and for details of how to arrange accommodation. You have received nothing. You have telephoned but only spoken to the caretaker. Write a letter to the school owners. Explain the situation and tell them what you want to happen. Dear Sir/Madam, I wrote to your school last month asking for a brochure and for details of how to arrange accommodation. I have now been waiting for five weeks for a reply but I have received nothing yet. On Tuesday of last week I telephoned your school at 10 o’clock in the morning but I was only able to speak to the caretaker. I would be very grateful if you would send me your brochure with an application form so I can apply to take an intensive English language summer course in July or August. I would also be grateful for information about the living accommodation you arrange and an application form for this too. I would like to stay with a family to improve my English. As I am vegetarian and a smoker, I would need a family which could accommodate these habits. I look forward to hearing from you in the near future. Yours faithfully Beatrice Ligorio

2.

You have bought a packet of breakfast cereal at Gibbon’s supermarket. When you opened it at home it had clearly gone bad. Write a letter of complaint to the manager of the supermarket and explain what you want to happen Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to complain about the quality of some Crunchy Flakes breakfast cereal I bought at the Highgate branch of your supermarket on Tuesday, December 19th. When we opened the box the following morning in order to have our breakfast, we found the cereal was no longer crunchy but was soggy and covered in blue-green mould. It was clearly inedible. On closer inspection we found that the sell by date on the side of the packet was 5th April 1994. The packet must have been on your shelves for seven years. I would like to know why your store is selling goods which are clearly dangerous to the public. I would like a replacement packet of cereal, as well as USD 50 in compensation for the inconvenience and distress you have caused my family. This is not the kind of behavior I would expect from a supermarket which has such a good repetition in the community. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully, Gunter Mueller

3.

You have decided to join a club which puts pen friends from around the world in touch with each other. Write a letter giving details about yourself and about the sort of person you would like to correspond with. They will use this information to put you in touch with a suitable person. Write a letter to the club providing this information Dear Sir/Madam, I read the advertisement for your organization in the Greek Chronicle and I would like you to send me some information on how I can become a member. I am enclosing some details about myself and the kind of person I would like to write to. I am 28 years old and I live on Kythnos, an island in the Aegean Sea. I graduated from Athens University with a degree in agriculture and since then I have been working as a researcher into more efficient methods of the fish farming industry here. My general interests include nature conservation, swimming and sailing and when I am in Athens, I enjoy going to the cinema and art galleries. I would very much like to correspond with someone whose interests are similar to mine and who is English speaking as I want to have practice in the language. Although age is not very important to me, if possible, I would prefer to write to someone who is between 20 and 35. I look forward to your reply. Yours faithfully,

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One month ago you traveled to Japan by plane. You arrived four hours late because of a mechanical problem, and your luggage was lost. Your luggage has still not been returned to you. Write a letter to the airline. Explain what happened and tell them what you want them to do about this situation. Dear Sir/Madam, I flew with your company to Japan on the 18th of last month, on flight DW314 leaving Heathrow at 2.15am. I want to inform you about what happened on that day, and to express my dissatisfaction at the way your company has dealt with the matter since then. Firstly, our arrival in Japan was delayed for four hours because of a mechanical problem and we were not informed of this at check-in. Then, to make matters worse, on arrival I discovered my luggage had been lost. Nobody has been able to explain how this happened. Not only that, by my suitcases have still not been returned to me a month later, and you have not told me of any efforts you have been making to locate them. I find this situation totally unacceptable. I would like you to inform me of what progress, if any, you have made in tracking down my luggage, if you can not assure me that you are about to deliver my suitcases to my house, I shall expect you to compensate me fully for the contents of my luggage and the time and inconvenience this matter has caused me. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully, Nigel Coughlin

5.

You have just started a course in a college which has no sport facilities of its own. Write a letter to the manager of the nearest private sport club. In your letter: Introduce yourself Say why you are interested in this sport club Ask some questions about the club (e.g. facilities, members, costs)

Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing with in joining the membership of your sport club. I am a new student of the college which is about 300 meters away from your sport club. There ae no sport facilities in the college, but I am interested in sports. From very young, I liked sport activities very well. I like swimming football, basket ball, etc. especially football. I played it everyday when I was in middle school. I am a good middle field kicker in our middle school football team. I graduated from middle school this year and entered the college in this September. It’s a pity that there are no sports filed for football in the college. I was told many students of the college joined in your sports club to play football. I’d want know how I can join your sports club. Can you tell me how much membership fees for one year? Is there any additional condition to join your club? Your early reply would be appreciated. Yours sincerely, 6. You are due to start a new job next week but you will not be able to because you have some problems. Write a letter to your new employer. In you letter; Explain your situation, Describe your problems, Tell him/her when you think you can start

Dear Ms Barnes, I am writing concerning the position of Assistant Office Manager that I am due to begin next Monday. However, a problem has arisen. As you know, I currently work for my uncle’s food-packing business, and you will remember from my interview that I have gained valuable experience there. Unfortunately, he has had to go into hospital for an operation, leaving my aunt in charge of both the home and the business. She has asked me, as this is a particularly busy time of year, to stay on and help her with the running of the office. I realize this will be inconvenient to you, but very much hope that, given the circumstances, you would be prepared to allow me to take up my position with you two weeks later than planned. I would like to emphasizes that I remain very keen to work with you, and that I will be gaining further useful experience during this time. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely, John Forbes

7.

You are unhappy about a plan to make your local airport bigger and increase the number of flights. You live near the airport. Write a letter to your local newspaper. In your letter: Explain where you live Describe the problem Give reasons why do you not want this development

Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing with regard to the article in your newspaper dated 7th September. My house is situated within 20 minutes walk of the airport. Please allow me to point out the problems which have caused serious damage on the residential area. I am fully sure that the problems must be aggravated if the plan is carried out to expand the airport and increase the number of slights. First of all, the low-flying aero planes are utterly distractive. They make such a big noise that I can not concentrate on housework at all. What is worse, I am woken up by the late hour flights at midnight; I was diagnosed as insomnia the other day. I should call this situation noise pollution. Secondly, I am afraid that the expansion of the airport may reduce the plot of land for the playground which is under construction near the airport at the moment. To sum up, I strongly disagree with the plan. I would appreciate if you could possibly write the article about the problems and disagreement as I said about. Yours faithfully. 8. You have just returned home after living with a family in an English-speaking country for six months. You now realize that you left a small bag of personal possessions in your room. Write a letter to the family. In your letter: Describe the things you left behind Ask them to send some or all of the things to you Offer to cover the cost.

Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing with regard to the article in your newspaper dated 7th September. My house is situated within 20 minutes walk of the airport. Please allow me to point out the problems which have caused serious damage on the residential area. I am fully sure that the problems must be aggravated if the plan is carried out to expand the airport and increase the number of slights.

WRITING – PART 2:
• • 1. Write an essay, 40 minutes Write at least 250 words (no more than 280 words)

What are the causes of traffic accidents?
Ideas: lack of awareness about traffic rules disobey traffic rules (over speed, being drunk, don’t stop when the traffic lights are red, cut in front of other motorbike, driver escape from the parallel suddenly) bad road system (the roads are in bad condition, many people fall off when their bikes go over pot-holes, a lot of kiosks because the road are dug regularly, narrow street with lots of traffic) loss of attention (talking, using phone, looking at st/so on the street) careless driver

Introduction

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Traffic accidents often caused serious losses for individual family and society. Among reasons lead to regretful traffic accidents, two following mentioned factors are common.
Body

Many researches state that the one of major causes of motorbike or car accidents is drivers’ losing attention. Along with the social development, human life is getting more and more comfortable. Mobile phone is a typical example, as nowadays almost everyone gets one mobile phone. They utilize the usage of cell phone for their daily business and communication at anywhere and anytime even when they are driving. It’s obviously that they can not pay enough attention to the traffic situation when they are talking on the phone and running motorbike or car at the same time. Then, if there is any unexpected situation happening they couldn’t manage or react accordingly on time. Furthermore, another funny reason may cause traffic accident is curiousness of human being. When traveling on the road, they happen to see a beautiful girl or a fight; they usually star at it and forget the fact that they are driving. These are reasons why there are many regretful accidents caused by driver’s losing control. It is worth pointing out that driver disobey traffic rules is another popular cause lead to traffic accident. A lot of accidents happen simply because the driver is going too fast, over the allowed speed. By going too fast they are unable observe their surrounding and notice emerging dangers such us cyclists, pedestrian, children playing and other vehicle. In some other cases, drivers don’t stop when the traffic lights are red or they cut in front of other motorbike suddenly so that other vehicle can not stop on time then accident happens. In addition, being drunk when driving is also a prevalent factor contributes to traffic accident. The concentration of alcohol in driver’s blood cause negative effect of their reaction time and ability to judge traffic conditions. In conclusion, to prevent regretful traffic accidents drivers should pay attention enough when driving and each individual must obey traffic regulation properly. 2. Do you think it’s a good idea for teenagers to have jobs while they are students
Ideas: learn some valuable lessons from life: to learn a sense of responsibility (tinh than trach nhiem): jobs give them situations in which they have to behave responsibility, go to work on time, work seriously, complete the assigned work efficiently, be responsible for the results) lean to co-operate with colleague: depend on and assist each other to finish the work, team work to get best result, share ideas to solve the problem, gain valuable experience and knowledge -> be ready for jobs when graduating Understand the value of money: ‘Money does not grow on tree’, hard work is rewarded with good money, more responsible while spending money, save money & keep budget for future use.

Conclusion

Some parents don’t allow teenagers to have jobs while they are student. But some other parts support the idea that let their children stand on their legs as soon as they can. To a certain extent I agree with idea because this is one way to grow up properly. It is needless to say that by going to work teenagers will learn a sense of responsibility and to co-operate with friends or colleague. Job gives them situations in which they have to behave responsibility. For example, they have to complete the assigned work efficiently on time and in the proper way. In addition, they have to work seriously and responsible for the work result. Going to work also train them sense of discipline by obeying the office regulations like: be on time, not play game in working hour, and complete the work on time. When it comes to collaboration, they will learn how to co-operate with colleague or team work to get the given target. Working in groups helps them to improve knowledge and gain valuable experience. This is also a way to share idea with the others to solve the problem or assist each other to finish the work. Sense of responsibility and cooperation are useful for them to be ready for jobs when graduating from school. Moreover, only by earning money by themselves they can understand the value of money. “Money does not grow on tree”. Teenagers will realize that how hard they work and how much effort they made to get value money. Their contribution and hard working is reward with good money. At this time, they appreciate the effort

their parents have been spent to support the family and grow them up. Therefore, they also appreciate the money they earn by themselves and are more responsible while spending money and keep budget for their future use. To my opinion, teenagers should have jobs while studying as long as they balance their working time between working and learning. 3. The environment is one of the most important issues in the world today, but governments are not doing enough about it. To what extent do you think that individuals can help to protect the environment?
Today, environment has become a serious problem which is mentioned in most international conferences. No matter how much effort scientists and government has made to find out the effective solution, it is obviously not enough. Or People are gradually becoming aware of the fact that we are destroying our nature environment. We should realize that none of the other problems that we face are more important than this issue, but clearly the government is not taking a lead in dealing with the issue. It is therefore up to individual citizens to do something about it. Or

The strong development of industry brings lots of improvements to human being. However, the essential result of its development is environment pollution, which has been the most concern in the world today. The government has made non-stop efforts to find out solutions for this problem. Nevertheless, we also need individual contribution to protect our environment. It is obvious that when the life is more and more modern, the human release millions of ton of rubbishes each day. Therefore, it is time for individual take part in protecting the environment. There are many ways that individual can do such as: Limit the nylon bag or packet uses for wipe and hold the belonging or food as much as we can. The current trend of people now is going to the market without bag, each food/thing they buy is packed in a nylon bag; and then, if they drop by ten stores, they are provided 10 nylon bags. At some big supermarkets in Hochiminh city now, customers are asked to bring their own bag to bring what they buy in the supermarket home as the supermarket don’t provide them bag any more; Individual can use recycle or selfdestroying materials as much as they can; or don’t leave litter. It is also worth pointing out that rubbish from industry factories and industry zones are more and more impact on our environment. Authorities units should strictly required these industry factories and zones to protect the environment by building waste water treatment system efficiently and properly. The factory must self-aware that without pledge of environment protection they would not be put into operation. Furthermore, such kind of industrial factories should not locate in the city center and must be moved to suburb or remote area. The last important thing is each individual should improve his own knowledge in protect life environment and notice people around him about environment protection awareness. It is clear that responsibility to balance ecological and protect environment is not only the government’s obligation but only individual’s duty. 4. Children should begin learning a foreign language as soon as they start school. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
Ideas: 1. Skills: Imitate improve native-like accent (Hear words and pronounce them through songs, movies, Good at learning by heart: good for vocabulary study and daily expressions Repeat words without being bored: Good and easy to teach children how to pronounce the words correctly 2. Characteristic / personality: Curious and eager to learn new things (more interesting in learning new thins -> learn faster) No fear of mistakes, easy approach to new language; Unlike adults, children don’t worry so mush about making mistake don’t feel shy & discourage (making mistake is also a way to improve your language) No stress, no pressure Early start more time for practice If we want to see outcome soon, we must start sooner

Today, foreign language is considered as an essential subject at school. And according to some scientific survey, children can acquire a foreign language much faster than adults. Therefore, the sooner the children start to learn foreign language at school the better they are at the language. It is necessary to let children to learn foreign language as soon as they start school. It is widely believed that children have better skills in learning foreign language than adults. It is clear that children can imitate reading a language very good and fast. By watching TV or listening to music, they can easily imitate the pronunciation. In addition, children don’t shy when wrong pronunciation; they don’t hesitate

to repeat words or repeat without being bored. Besides, according to lots of foreign teachers, it is very good and easy to teach children how to pronounce the words correctly. And the last thing should be mentioned is they are good at learning by heart. This is completely convenience for studying vocabulary and daily expressions. Furthermore, we can not deny that many characteristics of children are ideal for learning foreign language. First, they are curious and eager to learn new things. Hence, they are very interesting in learning new things in the fast way. Second, unlike adults, they don’t worry so much about making mistake and don’t feel shy and discourage. Therefore, it is easy to approach a new language. Third, it is very convenience for children to learn a foreign language as they start school because their mind is still fresh and no stress or pressure. In short, if we want to see outcome soon, we must let them start learning foreign language as soon as possible. 5. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: watching TV is bad for children. Use specific details and examples to support your answer.
Ideas: Improve knowledge about life, society, culture, animal world. E.g: discovery, planet channels Improve English skills: can imitate -> pronounce more correctly (Disney, listen to foreign language) Entertainment: TV is means of entertainment (e.g: music, movie, gameshow, carton, …)

TV has become one of the main sources of information and entertainment in many countries. In fact, TV is now so popular that there is at least one TV set in almost every household. With the arrival of cable and satellite TV, we can enjoy many programs and channels in different languages. However, there are some obvious negative impact of TV on viewers in general and children in particular. It is widely believed that watching TV too much will affect the development of children. Being attracted by exciting TV programs, children think that learning is not as interesting as watching television. As a result, they gradually neglect learning by not reviewing lessons that they have learn at school, doing home works or preparing for the new lessons of the next day. In addition, they may pay loss attention whey they are in class as in their mind they still remember some interesting TV programs. Besides, their communication and social skills will also be influenced negatively. They might think television is their only friend and don’t take part in outside activities through which they can get practical knowledge and real friends. The more time children stay home watching TV the more study neglecting they get, children will ignore what is happening outside and they don’t know how to behave properly or how to learn / work in a team /workgroup. Furthermore, there is no doubt that the effect of watching TV on children’s health is the most concern of almost parents. If parents don’t spend enough time to supervise how long their children sit in front of the television, it will cause some common problems about children’s health such as bringing near sighted or having other eyes problems, having headache, being out weight, becoming a real couch potato. It is also necessary to mention that being at home for a long time will make them passive or may be muddle-headed. In short, everything has it two sides, positive and negative, and watching TV is, of course, no exception. Therefore, to prevent its bad influences on children, parents should pay much attention to control the time children watching TV and control the programs they usually watch. 6. Many modern children spend too much time sitting in front of a television screen. This is extremely harmful to their development. Therefore, parents should strictly limit the time that children spend in this. Do you agree? Money can bring happiness to everyone. Do you agree or disagree? Give your explanation and example. It is needless to say that one of our living purposes is to earn as much as money we can and of course become rich. However, to some extent money also have some negative impacts if you don’t control the way how to use it properly or when to stop earn money on time. Many people feel strongly that money can bring happiness to everyone. But real happiness is only created and maintained by true love only. Nowadays, father and mother, I mean not only man but also woman goes to work to earn money to support the family. Of course, their target is earning as much as money as they can to make their life more comfortable and happier. And they are attracted by the seduction of money through big potential investment projects or higher positions in their job. Then, they forget the fact that, besides money, family also needs a care of the family bread-winner or a responsible wife; the children need a warm huge of their parent and a proper guideline to develop. Suddenly, one day, they see that it seems they don’t need their partner anymore because they just meet his/her wife/husband few hours in every evening only. Or they may find that their children is on drugs and spend money wasteful as their children used to provided too much money from their parent without teaching them how to use it properly or showing them what is the value of money. At the end of the day, they realize that they are losing family happiness by their own money.

7.

It is also worth pointing out that health can never be bought by money at all. My close friend is a Sales manager of a big corporation. He earns a lot of money every year from his salary, bonus, incentives, and other fat profit. It can not deny that he a hard-worker and ambitious man. He works very hard and spends some extra hours in stock market everyday therefore he used to have quick lunch/dinner and his favorite drinks are coffee and beer. And to maintain business relations and get big fat contracts, he used to drink alcohol almost every evening with his business partner. He always thinks he is still young and strong enough to live with his way. Last month, in a health check period, he is very astonished to hear he has liver cancer at the final stage. No matter how much money he spent going to famous hospital in Singapore to treat medically, he can live in 6 months only. The price he has to pay due to earning money is too expensive and it is a lesson for me too. To sum up, money can buy many things in the world but not true happiness and health. We should control ourselves on earning money and have to stop it on time as well as pay much attention to keep our family happy and have a good health. 8. Modern equipment has made the world a better place to live. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Along with macro scale inventions such as rocket or artificial satellite, researchers also invent modern equipment which has been made the world a better place to live. It can not deny that modern equipment make our life more comfortable and convenience. They help us save time for relax or doing something else. For example, while the washing machine is running we can prepare dinner for the family or watching television. Being not contact with washing-powder also protect your skin form axis. As for fridge, we can buy the food only once a week and put it in the fridge for cooking for the whole week. Or mobile phone, internet or fax machine, nowadays, it is obviously that these are fastest ways to communicate with society or connect you with the other at any where and any time. Especially, the invention of airplane has been brought us go around the world with the shortest time. These things really help us to reduce housework, save time and make our living more comfortable and much convenience. Besides, people also believe that thanks to modern equipment we can enjoy our life in a better way. With series of inventions in advance technology, the appearance of cable televisions, mp3 players, DVD recorders help our entertainment more enjoyable. We just stay home but can know lots of information or travel around the world through watching cable TV; or don’t need to go to the theatre but can enjoy music as long as we want with mp3 player; or watch kinds of movies by DVD recorder. Furthermore, traveling by car with family is more enjoyable than going by public transport as we can stop by wherever we want and go anywhere we wish and it also save time. As for digital camera, our sweet memories and beautiful images are easy to take and store for a long time. Finally, one more comfort we should mention is the safe that modern equipment brings to us. Fire or thief alarm helps us find and avoid fire on time and protect our property. In sum up, I am totally agree with the statement that modern equipment has made the world a better place to live and I think you also think so. 9. Studying English in an English-speaking country is the best but not the only way to learn the language.
Ideas: Advantages: listening and speaking skills improved (through daily communication with local persons, classmate, …), experience in the culture, study with native teachers, reading & writing skill, make friends with students from other countries. Disadvantage: high school fee, stresses & pressures, homesick, lonely

It is generally agree that the best way to learn English is studying it in an English-speaking country, Britain. But everything has it two sides, positive and negative, studying English is, of course, no exception. Hence, this is not the only way to learn the language. We can not deny that there are many advantages to study English in a native environment. It is easy to find that your listening and speaking skills are improved certainly through daily communication with local persons, roommates, neighbors, and local classmates. You will gradually get used with the way they speak English, their pronunciations, and easier understand what they say. When it comes to learning in class, with day to day studying with native teachers make your reading and writing skills better in a proficient way. Besides, this is also the good learning method to improve your English properly like: voice natural, pronunciation correctly, grammar learning, fast listening and understanding. In addition, living in a foreign country or daily contact with classmates who come from various countries also helps you understand their culture and people as well as exchange information or widen your knowledge. However, people who don’t support the above idea may state that it is a best way but not the only way to develop a foreign language. First, studying abroad cost extreme high compared with domestic school. Moreover, nowadays, in almost schools, there are some classes sections are designed for student to learn with foreign

teachers. And universities often organize extra courses for student to communicate with foreign teachers. Through these activities student can communicate and improve their English skills. Besides, they can learn from many extra English materials which can be easy found in universities’ library or book stores. Second, students who study abroad often face with stresses. Their parents pay a big amount for them to go to a foreign country to learn so that they have pressures to study hard and try to get good result. In addition, living in a completely strange environment, there are many things they have to get used with or overcome. They also suffer homesick and lonely. We can see that it is good to learn English in an English-speaking country. But in case you can’t afford, you should think about learning it at homeland school and try to find some good learning methods to improve your language. 10. What are the factors related to academic successes in high school student?
Ideas: Hard working and intelligent: take note in class, actively participate in the lesson, finish home work, prepare for the next lesson, study extra material, Study methods: self-study, study in group/pair, study…. Teacher; sympathetic teacher, wide knowledge, create strong belief in student, be good listener, good adviser, good teaching method attract student (made the student motivate in leaning, encourage self-study, …) Learning environment: good friends, learning condition, classroom size, Family: the concern of parents to their children learning, encourage, parents are good examples for children

There are many factors related to academic success in high school student. According to me, two below mentioned factors contributed to this success. This is a saying that hard working can make up for the lack of intelligent. Studying at school is not enough, student need to learn more and more at home, in library or anywhere possible. In class, they should listen carefully to their teachers, actively participate in the lesson in order to acquire the knowledge at school (at the right time) and should ready to ask questions when there is any query. At home, student have to review the lesson, finish the home works, prepare for the new lesson in advance, and study from other materials if time allowed such as internet or related books. Furthermore, they also should try to apply what they have learned at school in to practice. Another factor affecting on academic success of high school students is the concern and care of their parents. The parents should pay attention on the learning process of their children. They have to daily or weekly check what children have learn at school and to make sure they finish all home works on time and be ready for the new lessons. They also need to follow their learning results and check examination days in order to make them well prepared for coming examinations. The most important is children should be encouraged to learn than be forced to do what their parents want. For example, some parents put much pressure on their children like getting the highest score in exam or being the best student in class. Besides, they should listen to the children and help them to solve some difficulties when needed or give them some advices if possible. The parents also need to extend their time to control their children after school daily activities to make sure that they balance the amount of time between studying and relaxing. Finally, in some cases, parents who succeeded in their own study and in the society are also good example for children. In brief, good learning method and family role are key factors contribute to the academic success in high school student. 11. The mass media, including TV, radio and newspaper, have great influence in shaping people’s ideas. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement. Give reasons for your answer. Agree The development of mass media has had great influence on our lives. Nowadays, we depend on them for information and entertainment so much. And people said that it have great impact in shaping people‘s idea. Let’s make it clear through below mentioned ideas. We can not deny that mass media is the best way to broaden our mind but the important thing is we are impacted by what we read or watch through these media means. For example, some strong arguments about global warming article in a daily newspaper make us think about our responsibilities for protecting the environment and we should do something to contribute in solving this problem. Or we are persuaded to go by public transport when watching traffic jams happen daily on TV. Once, I read on internet about poor children but learn very well, but she has to stop learning because her family is very poor and she has to work very hard to earn money to go support her family. I am completely affected by her situation, then I sent some of my saving money to help her and hope there are many people also do like me so that she can has chance coming back to school. Another impact of mass media should be mentioned is their influence on consumer habit through advertising. For instance, the consumer flocked into buying shampoo A without care about other good shampoo brands just

because the manufacture of shampoo A has a very impressive advertisement on TV. Or modern people always want to have the newest mobile phone model which advertised on TV today than the old one as it means they are stylish. The last issue of mass media I want to mention in this writing is effects of movies on people’s fashion trend and behavior. It is easy to find on the street a new fashion style of a main actress in a Korean film which showed on TV the week before. Today, besides Hongkong film, Vietnamese like Korean film very much. They like it because the film background and society is likely to Vietnam and the actors and actresses are beautiful and designed with fashion dresses and hair styles. Therefore, people are impacted by film characters’ behavior and especially the young people; they immediately imitate these fashion styles. It is needless to say that mass media have great influence on shaping people’s idea. 12. Your local newspaper asks you to prepare a short article for them on the following topic Many governments are now trying to prevent global warming and the effect it has on our environment. They are trying to reduce the things which contribute to global warming such as pollution from cars and destruction of the rain forests. Describe what you think the problem is and the actions you think your government should take to solve it. It is now accepted by most people and governments that the world is experiencing climatic changes and that now and in the future we can expect temperatures to rise. Even when the causes of these changes are known, often very little is done to reserve their effects. Global warming is the result of industrialization and our modern way of life. All the things which make modern life easier and more enjoyable seem to cause pollution. The factories we work in, the cars and aircraft we travel in, the air conditioning and central heating we use in the home, all create carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. At the same time these processes and activities seem to destroy aspects of the ecosystem which might counter this process and keep the system in balance. Thus we destroy and burn or build over the forests and agricultural land which might reabsorb the carbon dioxide. Dealing with the problem is not a straight forward matter. It is not easy for any government or any person to turn back the clock on the industrial revolution. The prospect of returning to poverty, hard manual labor, disease and early death – the situation which existed before the industrial revolution and which still exists in many nonindustrialized countries – is not attractive. Somehow, the governments of the world must coordinate policies which make it possible and attractive for us to use energy efficient means of travel such as walking or the bicycle. We need far more research into truly sustainable sources of energy such as wind and wave power rather than using fossil fuels which release so much carbon dioxide. In conclusion, as we are aware of the causes of global warming, we must continue to find solutions to the problem otherwise the earth may never recover from its harmful effects. 13. As part of a school assignment you have to write about the following topics Schools and parents often require their pupils to wear school uniforms. The pupils, however, usually dislike this. There are acceptable arguments both for and against the wearing of school uniforms. Explain some of the arguments both for and against the wearing of school uniforms and state what is your opinion on the subject. Schools have been with us for many hundreds of years but the school uniform debate is a more recent phenomenon. It probably dates from the development of universal education towards the end of the last century. State schools without uniforms would have contrasted noticeably with the uniformed public schools. Uniforms must have been adapted initially where ambitious state schools sought to demonstrate, through colored caps, and blazers, that they were as good as the elite public schools. By the middle of this century, school uniforms became universal in British schools and there were many good reasons why they were retained. They gave a sense of identity to the school. The school is a small society in its own right and one of the tasks of school was to fit their pupils for society. A uniform is a clear outward manifestation of belonging. There were other benefits too. Where pupils were drawn from a wide cross section of society a uniform could disguise these differences and paper over divisions within a school. It was a form of social equalization as well as control. At a time when truancy was more closely monitored, a uniform make pupils out of school at the wrong time much easier to identify. Whatever the advantages of uniforms, they also had their drawbacks. There were often expensive and something that was intended to be socially integrative could be divisive. They were often unattractive and old-fashioned and could be impractical. During the 1960’s it was also felt that uniforms did not fit with the then fashionable ides on education. This was a time of individuality and self-expression and it began to be thought that education should enable pupils to express and fulfil their own individuality. Wearing a uniform created the opposite effect.

To my mind school uniforms should be retained in all circumstances. They can be modernized and changed according to circumstances but a uniform fulfils one critical aspect of education. It signals to pupils that it is their job to fit into society and not the other way around. If pupils learn nothing else while at school then their time will not have been totally wasted. 14. The use of television and computers by children should be restricted by their parents. Do you agree or disagree? The invention of the television and computer has not only completely altered employment in the modern world, but has also affected entertainment too. However, it is generally believed that these means of communication can have a negative influence on people, particularly children and it has been suggested that parents should place restrictions on their use. One reason to regulate children using the new technology concerns their health. Being in front of a screen can damage their eyesight and also, if they are sitting for long periods instead of playing in the fresh air, their general health can be endangered. Another point is that children need to learn to communicated with other people and not merely be occupied with solitary pastimes. Finally, this technology sometimes shows subjects that are not appropriate for children and could harm them emotionally or morally. Yet television and computers also have many benefits for children. Firstly, they are a valuable source of learning about new subjects and the world in general. Also, without some knowledge of technology, no one in the younger generation will stand a chance of finding a decent job. Lastly, in cities, life has become increasingly dangerous and it is no longer safe to allow children to play freely in their neighborhoods so computers and televisions can provided a more secure means of entertainment within their own homes. In my opinion, children should be permitted to watch TV or use a computer but with certain restrictions. They should not watch whatever they want, whenever they want, but their parents ought to limit the number of hours of viewing and use special devices to block certain websites which may be harmful. 15. We know that cars cause pollution and other problems. Many city centers now have car-free areas, and in some countries drivers have to pay a pollution tax. However, the car is still very popular as it is the cheapest and most comfortable way to travel. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answers. Many problems arise from the widespread use of private cars in most large cities. Everywhere we see the twin evils of private car use, cost and danger, and they affect both individuals and society. The economic costs of cars are high for society: they include the continuing upkeep of road networks and the health care associated with car-crash injuries. But the damage and danger caused by cars are perhaps more severe. In the first place, car exhausts contribute considerably to atmospheric pollution. Cars also disturb the public’s peace as motorway noise is audible up to 10 kilometers away. In addition, many people face respiratory problems due to pollution, and accidents result in many deaths every year. However, despite these problems, cars are clearly still a popular choice in virtually all travel situations because cars are swift, comfortable and comparatively cheap. Drivers can choose their route and can stop wherever they want. Unfortunately, the car is used so mush because there are so few viable alternatives. These days rail networks are being replace by motorways and air travel is expensive. For short journeys, people are forced to use their cars a public transport is so badly organized with a lack of government funding. To sum up, despite the fact that the car damages the environment and in the wrong hands, is dangerous, most people would choose to travel by car mainly for the convenience and independence it offers to the drivers. 16. In many countries people no longer wear their national costumes. They are forgetting their history and traditions. More people should be encouraged to wear their national costumes every day. Do you agree or disagree? Nowadays in many countries, the natives do not wear their national costumes. Most people prefer wearing dresses which are made in their country but not considered their traditional dresses. Some people do not approve of this by saying that this way people are forgetting their history and traditions. But I think that it is a part of modernization and development. We should look ahead and not backwards. Almost every country has its traditional costumes and national dresses. Some are comfortable and some are difficult to handle. By comfortable I mean a dress being comfortable enough to be worn daily for your routine work. If we take the example of Pakistan’s traditional dress, one can see that although it is a very comfortable night suit, wearing it for your office work, traveling an a motorbike, or a laborer working on a construction site, it gets quite uncomfortable and dangerous. Because of its design can obstruct various errands like cycling and

specially for traveling, the dress becomes quite messed up and untidy. If you compare this to regular pants and a T-shirt, I believe they are the best piece of clothing to be worn for many different purposes. Besides, for a developing nation or for a nation making progress in various fields of science and technology, garments are and should be a secondary thing. What good is history and tradition when a nation can no make advancements in science and technology? What good is history when your living generation is dying of hunger and diseases? We should look toward economic, medical and social progress and not worry about small things like clothing and traditions. Another aspect of development is the evolution. Traditional clothes were made centuries ago according to the requirement of that age. With the new computer age, the dress requirements have changed and old traditional clothes are no more useful. Working towards one nation and one world, I believe the racial discrimination should finish now and we all should be one. We should not have segregation even through clothing because that leads to wars. The world in one and now the people should be one. 17. Popular events like the football World Cup and other international sporting occasions are essential in easing international tensions and releasing patriotic emotions in a safe way. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? ==> Disagree Nowadays, football is the most popular game in the world. We can find there are many different teams who play this football. There are dividing into 3 divisions: division one, division two and division three. Each division has different skills. The skills that they have depend on the manager. He is the one who teach the player how to play. Playing football, there are many advantages and disadvantages. Firstly, the team can earn a lot of money. If we compare the income in division one and division two are really different. The division one will get more than division two. Because as we know, the team in division one, they shows to the people that they are able to play better than the others. For example: David Beckham (the player of Manchaster United). He can earn for about £ 45,000/week. It’s unbelievable. Even the prime minister in the UK just got for about £ 110,000/year. Secondly, they can get a log of spectators which makes the income increased. in one match, they can earn for abut 20 or 30 million £. Actually, it’s really high. For one ticket (VIP) it can cost us a lot of money. I think for abut £100 or over. That is for one person. How if we count for a million person? There are also many disadvantages: like from the task which says that the releasing patriotic emotions in a safe way. Actually, I don’t really agree about that: like 2 weeks or 3 weeks ago, there are 2 fans of Leeds United got shots. And it makes them died. Many people come and give them flowers and also the clothes which shown they’re sad about that. There are other sport games like tennis. Tennis is also popular. In playing tennis, there are also advantages and disadvantages. This games shows how they against each other. The advantages are can earn a lot of money, can attract the spectators (audience). There are also have disadvantages of this games. For example: two years ago, when Monica Sales and Steffi Graph are on the match. They play against each other then, one of the Steff’s fan can’t stand anymore, he killed (shots) Monica Sales. That makes Monica Sales have to stop the game. The people are all thinking to take here to the hospital. Because of that, it makes Monica Sales stopped from playing tennis for about a year. But now, she has started again. In my opinion, these sports can ease the international tensions and also can make death from year to year become increase. So, it is very dangerous. 18. In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some people regard this as completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience, important for learning and talking responsibility. What are your opinions on this? The issue of children doing paid work is a complex and sensitive one. It is difficult to say who has the right to judge whether children working is ‘wrong’ or ‘valuable’. Opinions will also differ as to ‘learning’ benefits: no doubt teachers and factory owners, for example, would have varying concerns. An important consideration is the kind of work undertaken. Young children doing arduous and repetitive tasks on a factory production line, for example, are less likely to be ‘learning’ than older children helping in an old people’s home. There are health and safety issues to be considered as well. It is an unfortunate fact that many employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money by paying them less than adults and it is this type of exploitation that should be discouraged. However, in many countries children work because their families need the additional income, no matter how small. This was certainly the case in the past in many industrialized countries, and it is very difficult to judge that it is wrong for children today to contribute to the family income in this way. Nevertheless, in better economic circumstances, few parents would choose to send their children out to full-time paid work. If learning responsibilities and work experience are considered to be important, then children can

acquire these by having light, part-time jobs or even doing tasks such as helping their parents around the family home, which are unpaid, but undoubtedly of value in children’s development. 19. It is generally accepted that families are not as close as they used to be. Give some reasons why this change has happened and suggest how families could be brought closer together. Include any relevant examples from your experience. Today’s family-life changed a lot. Many parents are divorce, a lot of mother and fathers have their jobs’ far away from home. The children are often alone and lonely … but what are the reasons for this happening? First of all, I think that the modern technology is one of the main reason for this problem. May parents work in their nearest cities from their home. They work with computer in big offices and came home late at night. However, they have no time to lok after their children. In the past, families used to work ‘as a family’. Every member worked hard and helped the family to survive, for example farmers. Furthermore, the education used to be controlled by the parents, not like today’s day-schools with teachers and professors. On the other hand, there must be a solution to bring separated families together. At my point of view, families should spend their free time together. I am thinking about weekends or the time after work. Children need their parents even when they are older. To give a reasonable example: I often go out with my parents, mostly for a dinner. Then my brother and I speak about our future plans or something else. An intensive conversation is a possible solution. A similar way are, to divided your job into half-part work-times and spend your free time leftover with your loved persons. A point against this statement is to have financial problems. To sum up I wish that every family is a close as possible with each other, if they like that. 20. When a country develops its technology, the traditional skills and ways of life die out. It is pointless to try and keep them alive. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? Overall, I disagree with the opinion expressed. I would like to begin by pointing out that traditional skills and ways of life are not automatically of one country, but of a culture or community. In many ways, the history of civilization is the history of technology: from the discovery of fire to the invention of the wheel to the development of the internet, we have been moving on from previous ways of doing things. Some technologies, such as weapons of mass destruction, are of negative impact. Others, such as medical advances, positively help people to live better or longer, and so very much help traditional ways of life. Surely, few people would seek to preserve such traditions as living in caves! Interestingly, technology can positively contribute to the keeping alive of traditional skills and ways of life. For example, the populations of some islands are too small to have normal schools. Rather than breaking up families by sending children to the mainland, education authorities have been able to use the internet to deliver schooling online. In addition, the internet and modern refrigeration techniques, are being used to keep alive the traditional skills of producing salmon; it can now be ordered from, and delivered to, anywhere in the world. In conclusion, without suggesting that all technology is necessarily good, I think it is by no means ‘pointless’, in any way, to try to keep traditions alive with technology. We should not ignore technology, because it can be our friend and support our way of life. 21. Improvements in health, education and trade are essential for the development of poorer nations. However, the governments of richer nations should take more responsibility for helping the poorer nations in such areas. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? In balancing the world economic growth, the under development of the Third World Nations have been drawn to the attention of the developed countries of the Western. Thus, governmental policies and interference in the agricultural business of the poorer nations were made to secure their dominant source of the economy. Many discussions among economists and politicians also put their focus on the other aspects. That is, to improve the health, education and trade for the developing countries. However, the improvements can not be made by these countries, but more external assistance and aids should be done. Because of the shortage of food supply, the people in poorer nations (i.e. Africa) are easily prone to disease, hunger and death. When natural or environmental disasters happen, they are threatening with their lives. Education can no be well developed as a result of frequent droughts, famines and disease spreading. The other countries, while emphasizing on the development of agriculture in the Third World, can not really give the solution to the cyclical problem which ahs been existing for a long time. It is time to consider the consequences of all the waste of efforts in trying to help the economic growth of the Third World and to think from the other perspectives. The richer countries have the power to rebuilt the Third World by taking care the essentials – health, education and trade. More aids for providing the medicine, educational needs and materials can be done

by the richer countries. The assistance of trade and developing business in the poorer countries also can be of a great help to the poorer nations. If the richer countries can be more serious about the essential issues of how a nation develops, and well consider the special situations and circumstances those poorer nations are facing, the improvements will be more efficiently made. The governments of developed countries are, in some ways, responsible – though not obliged – for the future of those developing countries. 22. Some people believe that children’s leisure activities must be educational; otherwise they are a complete waste of time. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your experience. Today, education has become a priority for many parents seeking to secure a good future for their children in this rapidly changing world. They believe that if their children apply themselves and work hard at school, then they will increase their opportunities for going to higher education and eventually getting a good job. Of course, they are right, and as access to the best education and best jobs is becoming more competitive, then it is true that children have to make the best of their study time when they are young. However, the parents who do not allow their children sufficient free time for leisure activities outside school hours are misguided. Such activities are far from being a waste of time for the children simply because they are not academic. It is important to remember that children need to develop skills other than intellectual ones, and the best way to do this is through activities such as sports, games and playing with other kids. If they can not play make-believe games, how can they develop their imagination? How can they learn physical co-ordination or learn important social lessons about winning and losing if they do not practice any sports? Many children form strong, personal relationship with the friends they play with, and without the opportunity to do this, they could grow up emotionally immature or unformed. Finally, I think it is also important to remember that children need to relax as well as work. If everything they do must have some educational or academic relevance, then they will soon get tired of studying altogether, which is the last thing parents would want. 23. Popular hobbies and interests change over time and are more a reflection of trends and fashions than an indication of what individuals really want to do in their spare time. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your experience. By comparison with even the recent past, the choice of leisure activities on offer today is vast, so it is reasonable to find that some of these activities reflect the trends and fads of the day. People have far more money and time than before to pursue their interests but the ever-increasing number of acativities does not automatically guarantee continuity. In fact new hobbies come and go. For example, sports such as roller-blading lose their fascination after a few months. Similarly, although snow boarding has taken over from traditional skiing it is doubtful whether its popularity will last. Other thins like electronic games go out of date almost as soon as you have bought them because the manufacturers promote the fact that only the latest version is worth having, and so ensure continued sales. On the other hand, not everyone is a victim of fashion in this way and people of all ages and backgrounds may take up hobbies for social reasons. Traditional hobbies range from participation in active sports like tennis to old favorites such as chess and stamp collecting, and these continue to be popular. By joining a club, people can make friends and feel part of a group with whom they can share a common interest and leisure time. Where sport is concerned, most people know what they like and participate out of love of the game, rather than because it is currently fashionable. I feel therefore, that while fashion may have an influence, particularly among the young, the majority of people enjoy their hobbies for their own sake. 24. Some employers reward members of staff for their exceptional contribution to the company by giving them extra money. This practice can act as an incentive for some but may also have a negative impact on others. To what extent is this style of management effective? Are there better ways of encouraging employees to work hard? In times of high unemployment, employers need do very little to encourage their staff to work hard, but when job vacancies are scarce, they have to find effective ways of rewarding their staff in order to stop them from going elsewhere. One obvious way of doing this is to offer extra money to employees who are seen to be working exceptionally hard and this is done in companies with a product to sell. For example, real estate agents or department stores can offer a simple commission on all sales.

This style of management favors people who can demonstrate their contribution through sales figures, but does not take into account the work done by people behind the scenes who have little contact with the public. A better approach is for management to offer a bonus to all the staff at the end of the yar if the profits are healthy. This, however, does not allow management to target individuals who have genuinely worked harder than others. Another possibility is to identify excellent staff through incentive schemes such as ‘Employee of th Month’ or ‘Worker of the Week’ to make people feel recognized. Such people are usually singled out with the help of clients. Hotels, restaurants and tour operators may also allow staff to accept tips offered by clients who are pleased with the service. However, tipping is a highly unreliable source of money and doest not favor everyone. Basically, employees want to be recognized for their contribution – whether through receiving more money or simply some encouraging words. They also need to feel that their contribution to the whole organization is worthwhile. Good management recognizes this need and responds appropriately.

GRAMMER
• • • • • • • • • • • Some people believe that We can not deny that Many people feel strongly that It’s obvious that : người ta tin rằng : chúng ta không thể phủ nhận rằng : Nhiều người tin rằng : Hiển nhiên là, rõ rang là

According to most scientists, : theo hầu hết các nhà khoa học According to most scientists it is not good for health when we use computer for a long time It is widely believed that + S + V : người ta tin rằng It is widely believe that modern technology make our life more comfortable It can not be denied that : không thể phủ nhận rằng It can not be denied that football is the most popular sport all over the world It is said that It is though by many people that It is generally agreed that : người ta nói rằng : người ta nghĩ là : người ta đồng ý là

S + be + said / thought / believe + to V Children should learn English as soon as possible -> it’s widely believe that children should learn … Computer is believe that to make our life more convenience People who are in favor of this idea may say that People who like this idea may state that Those who support this viewpoint may claim that : những người đồng ý với ý kiến này nói rằng : những người đồng ý với ý kiến này nói than phiền rằng

• • • •

Those who object to this proposal may agree that : những người phản đối ý kiến này đồng ý rằng Those who disagree with this proposal may agree that : những người phản đối ý kiến này đồng ý rằng Those who are against with this proposal may agree that: những người phản đối ý kiến này đồng ý rằng In terms of, .. : xét về khía cạnh In terms of education, school and family have equal roles when it comes to music and art, primary school may be the first place to find genius In terms of health, practicing exercise in the morning is good for health When it comes to : khi nói đến, khi nói về when it comes to financial problem, part time jobs can reduce student’s worry about school fee. Whether A or B + V (singular) : cho dù là Whether he will come or not is not important to me Both A and B + V (plural) : cả …. Not only A but also B + V : không những … mà còn… Not only he but also his children are going to the party last night Not only A but B as well + V Not only he but his son as well work in a bank Only by + V-ing Only when + Clause / V-ing Only after + Clause / V-ing Only when we live aboard can we realize how much we love our homeland. No matter how / what / when / where : dù có thế nào / dù có khi nào / dù có nơi nào .. No matter how much polluted the beach is people still love going there No matter what mistakes he has made she still love him As a rule, … As a rule, it is easier for children to lean a foreign language than adults. The + comparative … The + comparative The more you practice speaking English the more fluent you become There is no point in + V-ing There is no point in teaching people theory that they could not apply to their work It is needless to say that investing education is the most beneficial investment : không cần phải bàn cãi rằng : There is no doubt that children could not develop fully without knowing about music, art, sport không còn nghi ngờ gì nữa It is worth pointing out that It is + N + that + counts : đáng để chỉ ra rằng

•

• • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • 1.

What counts in the way people think about it and react to it What counts is N1 but not N2 is not N2 but N2 V-ing (active), S + V V-ed (passive), S + V All things considered No one would say that To a certain extent I agree with idea. However, ..: tôi đồng ý với ý kiến này ở 1 chừng mực nào đó N (pural) earn themselves a reputation of being … Everything has it two sides, positive and negative, and internet is, of course, no exception: mọi thứ đều có 2 mặt, tốt và xấu, thì internet cũng vậy, không ngọai lệ. It is not what we play but it is how we win that court I have convinced myself that It is time + S + V2 (or should V2) It is time + for + Obj + to V : tôi hòan tòan bị thuyết phục rằng

Người ta tin rằng dạy ngọai ngữ cho trẻ em từ nhỏ sẽ rất hiệu quả. Nhưng tất nhiên chúng ta chỉ nên khuyến khích chúng thay vì ép chúng làm những điều mà chúng ta muốn. People belive that it is effective to teach English for children at the early age. But, of course, we should encourage them to learn instead of forcing them to do what we want.

2. 3.

Chỉ khi lớn lên và có con cái thì chúng ta mới nhận ra được cha mẹ yêu thương và hi sinh cho chúng ta như thế nào. Only when growing up and having children can we realize how much our parents love us and sacrifice for us. Chỉ có cách cập nhật thông tin và nâng cao kiến thức mỗi ngày thì chúng ta mới theo kịp với những thay đổi trong xã hội và có những quyết định đúng đắng cho tương lai. Only by updating information as well as improving knowledge day by day can we keep up with every change in our society to have right decisions for the future.

4.

Mọi thứ đều có 2 mặt tốt và xấu và làm ăn cũng vậy. bởi vì rõ rằng rằng những rủi ro trong kinh doanh thường xuất hiện cùng với những cơ hội. Everything has it two sides, positive and negative, and business is, of course, no exception. It is obvious that risks in business often go with opportunities.

5.

Xét về khía cạnh tài chính, phát triển công nghiệp thì hiểu quả hơn du lịch. Tuy nhiên chúng ta phải chú ý đến vấn đề môi trường và ưu tiên cho sự phát triển bền vững về lâu dài. In terms of finance, developing industry is more efficient than tourism. However, we should pay attention to the environment issues and take priority on the stable development in the long-term

6.

Tôi hòan tòan bị thuyết phục rằng trường học không chỉ là nơi học sinh học kiến thức mà còn là nơi chúng kết bạn vui vẻ với nhau và phát triển các kĩ năng xã hội. I have completely convinced myself that school is the place whre pupils not only study but also make friends and improve their social skills.

7.

Như là một nguyên tắc trẻ em thường dễ học ngôn ngữ hơn là người lớn. vì thế chúng ta nên cho chúng học ngoại ngữ ngay từ khi còn nhỏ As a rule, it is easier for children to lean a language than adults. That’s the reason why we should get children to learn English when they are young.

8.

Theo thường lệ nó sẽ tốt hơn nếu chúng ta sống với bố mẹ và chăm sóc họ khi về già. Nhưng torng một số trường hợp đạc biệt thì có thể nhà dưỡng lão là sự lựa chọn duy nhất. As a rule, it’s better if we live with our parents and take care of them (look after) them whey they get old. However, in some special cases, nursing house is only choice.

9.

Cuộc sống ở thành thị thì lúc nào cũng sôi nổi với rất nhiều họat động thú vị. Thảo nào mà (no wonder) hang ngàn thanh niên đã rời bỏ quê hương để đến thành phố hàng năm The urban’s life is always exciting with lots of interesting activities. No wonder why (that’s the reason why) thousands of young leave homes for cities year by year.

10. Chúng ta càng làm ổ nhiễm môi trường thì các thảm họa môi trường càng có nhiều khả năng xảy ra

The more we make the environment polluted, the more likely thenatural disaster occur 11. Dù có mất bao lâu và có khó thế nào thì chúgn ta cũng phải tìm cách giải quyết vấn đề ô nhiễm trong thành phố này No matter how long it takes and how hard it is we have to find a solution for pollution problem in this city. 12. Như tôi đã chỉ ra, giải pháp cho vấn đề này chỉ có thể được tìm thấy khi mọi người nhận thức được tầm quan trọng của nó As I have pointed out, the solution for this problem can only be found when everyone is aware of its important. 13. Không còn nghi ngờ gì nữa Internet là phát minh quan trọng trong thời đại chúng ta bởi vì nó đã thay đổi cách chúng ta sống, làm việc và học tập There is no doubt that the internet is the important invention in our generation because it has changed the way we live, work and study. 14. Không cần phải bàn cải rằng ngày nay chúng ta đã quá lệ thuộc vào khoa học kĩ thuật cho 1 cuộc sống thỏai mái It is needless to say that nowadays we are dependent too much on technology and science for a comfortable life. 15. Đáng để chỉ ra rằng người già ở văn hóa phương Đông chỉ cảm thấy hạnh phúc khi sống với con cháu họ và làm việc thay vì đi du lịch như những người già ở Phương Tây. It’s worth pointing out that in the Eastern culture old people feel happy only when living with their children (off spring) and having a chance to work instead of traveling like those in Western countries. 16. Khi nói về sự lãng mạn thìnước Pháp là cái tên đầu tiên xuất hiện trong tâm trí chúng ta. Và điều này được thể hiện rất rõ trong văn hóa,kiến trúc và lối sống của nó. In terms of (when it come to) romance, France is the first name which come into our mind. This shows clearly in its culture, architecture and life style. 17. Sau khi cân nhắc mọi thứ, rõ ràng rằng tự lập từ nhỏ thì rất tốt cho sự phát triển tương lai của đất nước All things considered, it is obvious that being independent at an early age is so good for the future development of his country. Or All things considered that children / people live independently at an early age is obvious good for the future development of his country. 18. Máy bay đã dành được cho chúng tiếng tăm hết sức an tòan mặc dù có 1 vài vụ tai nạn thảm khốc Air planes earn themselves a reputation of being completely safe even there have been (are) some devastating (serious) crashed. 19. Xe cộ đã chứng tỏ chúng hết sức tiện lợi và trở thành một phần không thể thiếu trong cuộc sống của chúng ta Vehicles have been proved to e extremely convenient and become an indispensable part in our daily life. 20. Không có người ngào mà nói rằng họ có thể làm việc hiệu quả khi họ thường xuyên lo lắng về con cái No one would say that they can work effectively when they are usually worried about their children. 21. Tôi đồng ý với ý kiến này ở 1 chừng mực nào đó. Tuy nhiên có rất nhiều thứ cần phải được xem xét trước khi chúng ta thực hiện phương pháp này. To a certain extent I agree with this idea. However, there are many things which must be considered (taken into consideration) before we carry out this method. 22. Cuộc sống ở thành phố thì thích hợp với người trẻ vì họ học được nhiều thứ và có thể tìm được một công việc tốt, chưa nói đến cuộc sống hiện đại và hào hứng Life in cities is suitable for the young because they study many things and can find a good job, to say nothing of a modern and exciting life. 23. Sinh viên càng học nhiều các môn học thuật ở trường thị họ càng cần nhiều họat động ngòai trười để thư giãn The more students study many academic disciplines in school the more they need outside activities to relax. 24. Khi nói đến phương tiện truyền thông đại chúng thì tivi là một trong những ảnh hưởng hang đầu đối với hành vi của mọi người. In terms of media, TV is one of the first influence on the behaviour of everone. 25. Xét mọi khía cạnh thì Châu Âu là điểm đến phổ biến nhất cho Tây balô In terns of traveling (all things considered), Europe is a popular destination for Western backpacker. 26. So với tua theo nhóm tôi thấy đi du lịch một mình thú vị hơn nhiều. Compared with group tour, I find individual’s tours are more interesting.

CHART OF TRANSITION SIGNALS
Meaning / function Introduce a similar additional idea To compare things Sentence Connectors` Also, besides, furthermore in addition, moreover, too Also, likewise, similarly, too Clause Connectors Coordinators Subordinators and nor (and not) and both … and not only … but also neither.. nor but yet as just as Others (Adj, Ver,b,
Preposition)

another an additional as … as like / alike just like similar to be alike be similar despite in spite of compared to/with be different (from) be dissimilar be unlike differ (from) such as like an example of

To introduce an opposite idea, and to contrast things

To introduce an example To emphasize To explain and restate To introduce an alternative To signal chronological order

however in contrast instead in/by comparison nevertheless nonetheless on the other hand on the contrary still for example for instance in fact Indeed, that is otherwise first, second, first of all then, next now, then, soon last, finally meanwhile gradually after that since then above all first and foremost more/most important/significantly primarily

although even though though whereas while

or

if unless after as as soon as since until when while

the first, the second the next, the last, the final before lunch after the war since 19.. in the year 2009

To indicate order of importance

To introduce a cause or reason

for

because since as

To introduce an effect or result

To conclude

accordingly as a result as a consequence consequently hence, thus therefore all in all in brief in conclusion in short in summary indeed

so

a more important the most important the second most significant the primary result from be the result of due to because of the effect of the consequence of as a result of as a consequence of result in cause have an effect on affect the cause of the reason for it is clear that we can see that the evidence suggests that these examples show that