Bonding In Solids
Tutorial 1: Atomic Structure and Bonding in Solids
1. (a) Cite the difference between atomic mass and atomic weight.
(b) Silicon has three naturally-occurring isotopes as shown in the table below. On the basis of this data, confirm that the average atomic weight of Si is 28.0854 amu.
|Silicon Isotope |Natural Abundance |Atomic mass of |
| | |isotope (amu) |
|28Si |92.23 % |27.9769 |
|29Si |4.68 % |28.9765 |
|30Si |3.09 % |29.9738 |
2. (a) Cite two important quantum-mechanical concepts associated with the Bohr model of the atom.
(b) Cite two important …show more content…
Relative to electrons and electron states, what does each of the four quantum numbers specify?
4. Give the electron configurations for the following ions: P5+, P3-, Sn4+, Se2-, I- and Ni2+.
5. Potassium iodide (KI) exhibits predominantly ionic bonding. The K+ and I- ions have electron structures that are identical to which two inert gases?
6. Without consulting the periodic table, determine whether each of the electron configurations given below is an inert gas, a halogen, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a transition metal. Justify your choices. a. 1s22s22p63s23p5 b. 1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2 c. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6 d. 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 e. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d55s2 f. …show more content…
Calculate the force of attraction between a Ca2+ and an O2- ion, the centers of which are separated by a distance of 1.25 nm.
8. The net potential energy between two adjacent ions, EN, may be represented by the sum of the attractive energy, EA and the repulsive energy, ER; that is,
[pic] (Equation Q8)
Calculate the bonding energy E0 in terms of the parameters A, B, and n using the following procedure:
i) Differentiate EN with respect to r, and then set the resulting expression equal to zero, since the curve of EN versus r is a minimum at E0.
ii) Solve for r in terms of A, B, and n, which yields r0, the equilibrium interionic spacing.
iii) Determine the expression for EN by substitution of r0 into Equation Q2.
9. For an Na+ – Cl- ion pair, attractive and repulsive energies EA and ER, respectively, depend on the distance between the ions r, according to
[pic]
For these expressions, energies are expressed in electron volts per Na+ – Cl- pair, and r is the distance in nanometers. The net energy EN is just the sum of the two expressions above.
a) Superimpose on a single plot EN, ER, and EA versus r up to 1.0 nm.
b) On the basis of this plot,
1. (a) Cite the difference between atomic mass and atomic weight.
(b) Silicon has three naturally-occurring isotopes as shown in the table below. On the basis of this data, confirm that the average atomic weight of Si is 28.0854 amu.
|Silicon Isotope |Natural Abundance |Atomic mass of |
| | |isotope (amu) |
|28Si |92.23 % |27.9769 |
|29Si |4.68 % |28.9765 |
|30Si |3.09 % |29.9738 |
2. (a) Cite two important quantum-mechanical concepts associated with the Bohr model of the atom.
(b) Cite two important …show more content…
Relative to electrons and electron states, what does each of the four quantum numbers specify?
4. Give the electron configurations for the following ions: P5+, P3-, Sn4+, Se2-, I- and Ni2+.
5. Potassium iodide (KI) exhibits predominantly ionic bonding. The K+ and I- ions have electron structures that are identical to which two inert gases?
6. Without consulting the periodic table, determine whether each of the electron configurations given below is an inert gas, a halogen, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a transition metal. Justify your choices. a. 1s22s22p63s23p5 b. 1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2 c. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6 d. 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 e. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d55s2 f. …show more content…
Calculate the force of attraction between a Ca2+ and an O2- ion, the centers of which are separated by a distance of 1.25 nm.
8. The net potential energy between two adjacent ions, EN, may be represented by the sum of the attractive energy, EA and the repulsive energy, ER; that is,
[pic] (Equation Q8)
Calculate the bonding energy E0 in terms of the parameters A, B, and n using the following procedure:
i) Differentiate EN with respect to r, and then set the resulting expression equal to zero, since the curve of EN versus r is a minimum at E0.
ii) Solve for r in terms of A, B, and n, which yields r0, the equilibrium interionic spacing.
iii) Determine the expression for EN by substitution of r0 into Equation Q2.
9. For an Na+ – Cl- ion pair, attractive and repulsive energies EA and ER, respectively, depend on the distance between the ions r, according to
[pic]
For these expressions, energies are expressed in electron volts per Na+ – Cl- pair, and r is the distance in nanometers. The net energy EN is just the sum of the two expressions above.
a) Superimpose on a single plot EN, ER, and EA versus r up to 1.0 nm.
b) On the basis of this plot,