Acute Glomerulonephritis Research Paper
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Background
Acute glomerulonephritis refers to a specific set of renal diseases in which an immunologic mechanism triggers inflammation and proliferation of glomerular tissue that can result in damage to the basement membrane, mesangium, or capillary endothelium. Hippocrates originally described the manifestation of back pain and hematuria, which lead to oliguria or anuria. With the development of the microscope, Langhans was later able to describe these pathophysiologic glomerular changes.
Most original research focuses on the poststreptococcal patient. Acute glomerulonephritis is defined as the sudden onset of hematuria, proteinuria, and red blood cell casts. This clinical picture is often accompanied by hypertension, edema, and …show more content…
Each is described briefly.
Postinfectious etiologies
The most common cause is postinfectious Streptococcus species (ie, group A, beta-hemolytic). Two types have been described as (1) attributed to serotype 12, poststreptococcal nephritis due to an upper respiratory infection occurring primarily in the winter months, and (2) attributed to serotype 49, poststreptococcal nephritis due to a skin infection usually observed in the summer and fall and more prevalent in southern regions of the United States.
Other specific agents include viruses and parasites, systemic and renal disease, visceral abscesses, endocarditis, infected grafts or shunts, and pneumonia.
Bacterial causes other than group A streptococci may be diplococcal, streptococcal, staphylococcal, or mycobacterial. Salmonella typhosa, Brucella suis, Treponema pallidum, Corynebacterium bovis, and actinobacilli have also been identified.
Cytomegalovirus, coxsackievirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B,2 rubella, rickettsial scrub typhus, and mumps are accepted as viral causes only if it can be documented that a recent group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection did not occur. Acute glomerulonephritis has been documented as a rare complication of hepatitis …show more content…
Identified organisms include Coccidioides immitis and the following parasites: Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falciparum, Schistosoma mansoni, Toxoplasma gondii, filariasis, trichinosis, and trypanosomes.
Systemic causes
Vasculitis (ie, Wegener granulomatosis causes glomerulonephritis that combines upper and lower granulomatous nephritides).
Collagen vascular diseases (ie, systemic lupus erythematosus causes glomerulonephritis through renal deposition of immune complexes).
Hypersensitivity vasculitis encompasses a heterogeneous group of disorders featuring small vessel and skin disease.
Cryoglobulinemia causes abnormal quantities of cryoglobulin in plasma that result in repeated episodes of widespread purpura and cutaneous ulcerations upon crystallization.
Polyarteritis nodosa causes nephritis from a vasculitis involving the renal
Background
Acute glomerulonephritis refers to a specific set of renal diseases in which an immunologic mechanism triggers inflammation and proliferation of glomerular tissue that can result in damage to the basement membrane, mesangium, or capillary endothelium. Hippocrates originally described the manifestation of back pain and hematuria, which lead to oliguria or anuria. With the development of the microscope, Langhans was later able to describe these pathophysiologic glomerular changes.
Most original research focuses on the poststreptococcal patient. Acute glomerulonephritis is defined as the sudden onset of hematuria, proteinuria, and red blood cell casts. This clinical picture is often accompanied by hypertension, edema, and …show more content…
Each is described briefly.
Postinfectious etiologies
The most common cause is postinfectious Streptococcus species (ie, group A, beta-hemolytic). Two types have been described as (1) attributed to serotype 12, poststreptococcal nephritis due to an upper respiratory infection occurring primarily in the winter months, and (2) attributed to serotype 49, poststreptococcal nephritis due to a skin infection usually observed in the summer and fall and more prevalent in southern regions of the United States.
Other specific agents include viruses and parasites, systemic and renal disease, visceral abscesses, endocarditis, infected grafts or shunts, and pneumonia.
Bacterial causes other than group A streptococci may be diplococcal, streptococcal, staphylococcal, or mycobacterial. Salmonella typhosa, Brucella suis, Treponema pallidum, Corynebacterium bovis, and actinobacilli have also been identified.
Cytomegalovirus, coxsackievirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B,2 rubella, rickettsial scrub typhus, and mumps are accepted as viral causes only if it can be documented that a recent group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection did not occur. Acute glomerulonephritis has been documented as a rare complication of hepatitis …show more content…
Identified organisms include Coccidioides immitis and the following parasites: Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falciparum, Schistosoma mansoni, Toxoplasma gondii, filariasis, trichinosis, and trypanosomes.
Systemic causes
Vasculitis (ie, Wegener granulomatosis causes glomerulonephritis that combines upper and lower granulomatous nephritides).
Collagen vascular diseases (ie, systemic lupus erythematosus causes glomerulonephritis through renal deposition of immune complexes).
Hypersensitivity vasculitis encompasses a heterogeneous group of disorders featuring small vessel and skin disease.
Cryoglobulinemia causes abnormal quantities of cryoglobulin in plasma that result in repeated episodes of widespread purpura and cutaneous ulcerations upon crystallization.
Polyarteritis nodosa causes nephritis from a vasculitis involving the renal