Word Formation
1) Derivation
Definition:
The process of creating a new word out of one or more old words, either by adding a prefix or suffix or by compounding. Adjective:derivational.
Examples and Observations: * "Morphology may be divided into derivation--rules that form a new word out of old words, like duckfeathers and unkissable--and inflection--rules that modify a word to fit its role in a sentence, what language teachers call conjugation and declension."
(Steven Pinker, Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language. Basic Books, 1999)
* "Derivational morphology studies the principles governing the construction of new words, without reference to the specific grammatical role a word might play in a sentence. In the formation of drinkable from drink, or disinfect from infect, for example, we see the formation of new words, each with its own grammatical properties."
(David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook Press, 2005)
* "Derivational prefixes do not normally alter the word class of the base word; that is, a prefix is added to a noun to form a new noun with a different meaning:
* patient: outpatient * group: subgroup * trial: retrial
Derivational suffixes, on the other hand, usually change both the meaning and the word class; that is, a suffix is often added to a verb or adjective to form a new noun with a different meaning:
* adjective--dark: darkness * verb--agree: agreement * noun--friend: friendship"
(Douglas Biber, Susan Conrad, and Geoffrey Leech, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Longman, 2002)
2) affixation
In linguistics, the process of forming a new word by the addition of a morpheme (or affix) to an already existing word.
The two primary kinds of affixation are prefixation (the addition of aprefix) and suffixation (the addition of a suffix). Clusters of affixes can be used to form complex words.
Examples and Observations: * The Iliad is an exploration of the
Definition:
The process of creating a new word out of one or more old words, either by adding a prefix or suffix or by compounding. Adjective:derivational.
Examples and Observations: * "Morphology may be divided into derivation--rules that form a new word out of old words, like duckfeathers and unkissable--and inflection--rules that modify a word to fit its role in a sentence, what language teachers call conjugation and declension."
(Steven Pinker, Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language. Basic Books, 1999)
* "Derivational morphology studies the principles governing the construction of new words, without reference to the specific grammatical role a word might play in a sentence. In the formation of drinkable from drink, or disinfect from infect, for example, we see the formation of new words, each with its own grammatical properties."
(David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook Press, 2005)
* "Derivational prefixes do not normally alter the word class of the base word; that is, a prefix is added to a noun to form a new noun with a different meaning:
* patient: outpatient * group: subgroup * trial: retrial
Derivational suffixes, on the other hand, usually change both the meaning and the word class; that is, a suffix is often added to a verb or adjective to form a new noun with a different meaning:
* adjective--dark: darkness * verb--agree: agreement * noun--friend: friendship"
(Douglas Biber, Susan Conrad, and Geoffrey Leech, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Longman, 2002)
2) affixation
In linguistics, the process of forming a new word by the addition of a morpheme (or affix) to an already existing word.
The two primary kinds of affixation are prefixation (the addition of aprefix) and suffixation (the addition of a suffix). Clusters of affixes can be used to form complex words.
Examples and Observations: * The Iliad is an exploration of the