Reinforcement Test

RRT1

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Which of the following is not one of the theories about how America was originally settled?
a.|Humans arrived by boat and followed the coast southward from Alaska.|
b.|Siberian hunters crossed from Asia to North American during the last ice age.|
c.|Humans arrived in multiple migrations.|
d.|Hunters from Asia dispersed themselves over much of North America.|
e.|Europeans sailed across the Atlantic in rice paper boats during the pre-Christian era.|

____ 2. Almost all Native American peoples are descended from
a.|Homo sapiens who evolved from North American apes.|
b.|African tribesmen who crossed the Atlantic in rice paper canoes.|
c.|Polynesians who reached the Pacific coast about A.D. 400.|
d.|migrants who came from northwestern Asia over the Alaska-Siberia land bridge.|
e.|hunters from central Europe who crossed the polar ice cap and traveled south through what is now Canada.|

____ 3. Why did the Paleo-Indians spread out and proliferate with astonishing speed?
a.|because of their ability to defeat rival Indian tribes|
b.|because of assistance from the League of the Iroquois|
c.|because of a high birth rate and the lack of effective birth control|
d.|because of the onset of a new Ice Age|
e.|because of the bountiful and accommodating environment|

____ 4. According to one theory, the arrival of the first Americans coincided with
a.|the extinction of the mammoths and mastodons.|
b.|the ending of the Ice Age.|
c.|the triumph of the Archaic peoples.|
d.|the establishment of the first year-round village in North America.|
e.|the influx of locusts and weevils.|

____ 5. Which of the following was not a feature of the Archaic era?
a.|the use of new materials to make tools, weapons, and ornaments|
b.|the practice of more elaborate human burials|
c.|the development of long-distance trade networks|
d.|the development of centralized political power|
e.|the more efficient use of resources|

____ 6. Which of the following activities would be most likely to lead to a settled life-style in permanent villages?
a.|frequent intertribal warfare|
b.|developing a written language|
c.|making little distinction between men’s and women’s roles|
d.|drying fish and storing it in quantities sufficient to last the year round|
e.|developing fluted points for spears|

____ 7. Farming food-bearing plants began
a.|on the Hawaiian Islands.|
b.|on the Northwest Coast.|
c.|near Northeastern river valleys.|
d.|in the humid Eastern Woodlands.|
e.|in the arid Southwest.|

____ 8. What key development was necessary for substantial changes in southwestern life to occur?
a.|the construction of elaborate canals|
b.|the end of the Ice Age|
c.|the elimination of the Wooly Mammoth|
d.|the defeat of the League of the Iroquois|
e.|the introduction of a more drought-resistant strain of maize|

____ 9. Anasazi culture declined and fell because of
a.|disease.|
b.|drought.|
c.|destruction by Europeans.|
d.|earthquakes and tornadoes.|
e.|intertribal warfare.|

____ 10. Which statement about agriculture and the development of society is not correct?
a.|Throughout North America, patterns of agriculture and the development of society were generally similar.|
b.|North American cultures were familiar with the properties, uses, and values of plants, soils, and rocks.|
c.|In the Southwest, natives farmed for most of their food and therefore created centralized or confederate political systems.|
d.|On the Northwest Coast, natives shunned agriculture yet nevertheless consolidated their societies.|
e.|In the Eastern Woodlands, natives first developed village life and political centralization without farming but later developed a productive agriculture.|

____ 11. Which of the following provides evidence of the sophistication of Hopewell culture?
a.|mounds|
b.|oral traditions|
c.|birch-bark records|
d.|canals and bridges|
e.|cave drawings|

____ 12. Which of the following is surprising in light of the sophistication of Hopewell culture?
a.|Some of the natives wore effigies, ornaments, and jewelry to their graves.|
b.|The natives were primarily hunter-gatherers.|
c.|Their trade networks spread their influence over much of the Eastern Woodlands.|
d.|The natives worked with copper and pottery.|
e.|The natives were primarily farmers.|

____ 13. Which of the following generalizations about Native American cultures is true?
a.|Almost all the societies were the same in terms of political and social structure, religious beliefs, and basic contributions.|
b.|Because of their relationship to the environment, native Americans had evolved into careful conservationists.|
c.|Only native cultures in the Eastern Woodlands developed the bow and arrow and used ceramic pottery.|
d.|All Native American cultures were characterized by a preference for independent kin-based communities and certain beliefs and rituals surrounding burial of the dead.|
e.|No society had much in common with any other society.|

____ 14. In 1492 the most important Native American social groups included all of the following factors except
a.|the village.|
b.|kinship bonds.|
c.|the family.|
d.|the clan.|
e.|the tribal confederation.|

____ 15. Which of the following best describes patterns of divorce in Native American societies at the time of the first European contacts?
a.|Divorce was unknown because Native Americans had no system of marriage.|
b.|Divorce was very common because Native Americans placed little value on sexual fidelity or spiritual values.|
c.|Divorce could occur, but the family of the wife was responsible for all legal expenses.|
d.|Divorce was virtually unknown because Native American marriage was an ironclad arrangement.|
e.|Divorce was generally a simple process because kinship was more important than marriage.|

____ 16. Which of the following would not have been a responsibility of women in northeastern Native American tribes?
a.|fishing|
b.|fieldwork|
c.|gathering wild vegetation|
d.|childcare|
e.|preparation of animal hides|

____ 17. The most common foundation of North American life at the time of the first European contacts was
a.|river-trader societies.|
b.|the extended family.|
c.|the nomadic tribe.|
d.|the plantation.|
e.|the nuclear family.|

____ 18. In most Native American societies, warfare
a.|was conducted more as a pastime than as a way of conquering and subduing enemies.|
b.|occurred infrequently, and when it did it was conducted in a gentle and polite manner.|
c.|was an indication of the strength and stability of the society.|
d.|was a constant and continuing part of life.|
e.|all of these|

____ 19. Which of the following is not true about Native American religious beliefs at the point of the initial European contacts?
a.|They prayed to the spirits of the animals that they were about to kill for food.|
b.|The believed that all nature was alive, pulsating with a spiritual power.|
c.|They believed that God had given humanity domination over nature.|
d.|They depended on medicine men to understand the unseen.|
e.|They explained the origins of the human race in deeply moving myths.|

____ 20. Features of most Native American societies included
a.|the notion that property ownership conferred perpetual and exclusive control of land.|
b.|a belief that society should be economically self-sufficient to eliminate the need to trade with other tribes.|
c.|an understanding that Native Americans were ordained by God to rule the continent.|
d.|a life that was strictly regulated and that had little room for nonconformity.|
e.|a simple, noncompetitive attitude that encouraged equality and consensus.|

____ 21. In child rearing, most Native Americans favored
a.|psychotropic medication.|
b.|physical punishment.|
c.|psychological punishment.|
d.|temporary banishment to another village.|
e.|branding.|

____ 22. The authority of Native American leaders most often depended primarily on
a.|what they could accomplish by compulsion.|
b.|how many gifts they could accumulate in the potlatch ceremony.|
c.|the respect that they could invoke.|
d.|the number of scalps that could be accumulated in warfare.|
e.|the ratio of the size of the leader’s bicep to the size of his calf.|

____ 23. One of the significant differences between European society and most indigenous American cultures was that
a.|in Europe trade flourished, while it was virtually nonexistent among Native American societies.|
b.|Native American societies tended to be more competitive than European societies.|
c.|few Native Americans had any conception of a supreme being.|
d.|Native Americans lacked the concept that property ownership conferred perpetual and exclusive control of land.|
e.|Europeans traveled widely, while Native Americans rarely ventured beyond their villages.|

____ 24. Although most people at Cahokia were buried in mass graves, a few were buried in ridgetop mounds or conical mounds. This suggests that
a.|there was a high water table.|
b.|the society was on the verge of collapse.|
c.|there was a social hierarchy.|
d.|Cahokia must have been the capital of a potential nation-state.|
e.|Cahokians probably did not grow their own food.|

____ 25. Based on what historians have learned about Cahokia, what conclusion might you draw about a society in which you found an insufficient food supply, depletion of the forests, military challenges from inside or out, and the collapse of trade?
a.|A dictator was about to rise to power.|
b.|The society was young, unstable, and on the verge of greatness.|
c.|The society had recently been devastated by war and conquered by a ruthless oppressor.|
d.|No conclusion can be drawn from these facts.|
e.|The society was on the decline and about to collapse.|

____ 26. According to one theory, the first inhabitants of the Americas reached the Western Hemisphere by
a.|long and dangerous treks over the polar icecap.|
b.|swift sailing vessels crossing from northern Europe to Iceland to New England.|
c.|migrating in outrigger canoes from Polynesia to the Isthmus of Panama and Central America.|
d.|migrating from Asia across the then existing Alaska-Siberia land bridge.|
e.|giant outrigger canoes from the western coast of Africa.|

____ 27. Which one of these Native American cultures is not correctly matched to the geographic area in which it flourished?
a.|They are all correctly matched.|
b.|Hopewell—the Midwest|
c.|Pueblo-Arizona and New Mexico|
d.|Hohokam—Arizona|
e.|Woodland—the Pacific Northwest and California|

____ 28. At the time of Columbus’s first voyage to the Western Hemisphere, about how many Native Americans lived on the continent north of Mesoamerica?
a.|7 to 10 million|
b.|50,000 to 100,000|
c.|350 million|
d.|75 million|
e.|1 to 2 million|

____ 29. The densest Indian populations in what would later be the United States were found in
a.|the Great Plains.|
b.|the southwestern desert.|
c.|New England.|
d.|California and the Pacific Northwest.|
e.|the Great Basin.|

____ 30. Among North American Indians women alone did the farming except for tribes in the
a.|Great Basin.|
b.|Cahokia.|
c.|Mississippi Valley.|
d.|Northeast.|
e.|Southwest.|