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Women Empowerment
Women’s Empowerment Revisited:
From Individual to Collective Power among the Export Sector Workers of Bangladesh
Naomi Hossain
March 2012
IDS WORKING PAPER
Volume 2012 No 389
2
The Poverty and Inequality research cluster, part of the Vulnerability and Poverty Reduction team at IDS, produces research on poverty, inequality and wellbeing. Our research challenges orthodox views on the nature of poverty, how poverty is understood and how policy can best accelerate poverty reduction. Our work focuses on poverty and wellbeing through the lens of equity and inequality. Poverty is not only about 'poor ' people but also about the social and economic inequalities that compound and reproduce poverty.
Email: poverty@ids.ac.uk
Web: www.ids.ac.uk/research-teams/vulnerability-and-poverty-reduction-team/researchthemes/ poverty-inequality-and-wellbeing PI WP001
The Vulnerability and Poverty Reduction (VPR) Team aims to construct dynamic and multidimensional perspectives on vulnerability and poverty in order to transform thinking, policy and practice. The VPR team produces working papers on social protection; conflict, violence and development; and poverty and inequality. Follow this link to view a full list of publications: www.ids.ac.uk/go/research-teams/vulnerability-and-poverty-reduction-team Women’s Empowerment Revisited: From Individual to Collective Power among the Export Sector Workers of Bangladesh
Naomi Hossain
IDS Working Paper 389
First published by the Institute of Development Studies in March 2012
© Institute of Development Studies 2012
ISSN: 2040-0209 ISBN: 978-1-78118-046-4
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.
All rights reserved. Reproduction, copy, transmission, or translation of any part of this publication may be made only under the following conditions:
• with the prior permission of the publisher; or
• with a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road,



References: Afsar, R. (2004) ‘Bangladeshi Women 's Entry into Overseas Manufacturing: New Signals and Policy Paradigms’, Feminist Review 77: 175–9 —— (1999) ‘Rural-urban Dichotomy and Conference: Emerging Realities in Bangladesh’, Environment and Urbanization 11: 235–46 Ahmed, F.E. (2004) ‘The Rise of the Bangladesh Garment Industry: Globalization, Women Workers, and Voice’, Feminist Formations 16.2: 34–45 Ahmed, N. (2009) ‘Sustaining Ready-made Garment Exports from Bangladesh’, Journal of Contemporary Asia 39.4: 597–618 Ahmed, N. and Peerlings, J.H.M. (2008) ‘Addressing Workers’ Rights in the Textile and Apparel Industries: Consequences for the Bangladesh Economy’, World Development Bangladesh’, Public Administration and Development 28: 1–13 —— (2007) ‘Changes in Employment in Bangladesh, 2000–2005: The Impacts on Poverty Ali, R.N.; Begum, F.; Salehin, M.M. and Farid, K.S. (2008) ‘Livelihood Pattern of Rural Women Garment Workers at Dhaka City’, Journal of Bangladesh Agricultural University —— (2001) ‘Formulating an Agenda for the Women 's Movement: A Review of Naripokkho’, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 2.3: 389–94 Batliwala, S. (2007) ‘Taking the Power Out of Empowerment – An Experiential Account’, Development in Practice 17.4 and 5: 557–65 BBS (2008) Report of the Labour Force Survey Bangladesh 2005–06, Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics 34 —— (2002) Report of the Labour Force Survey Bangladesh 1999–2000, Dhaka: Bangladesh Bhattacharya, D. and Rahman, B. (1999) Female Employment Under Export Propelled Industrialization: Prospects for Internalizing Global Opportunities in the Apparel Sector Bhattacharya, D. and Rahman, M. (2000) Experience with Implementation of WTO-ATC and Implications for Bangladesh, CPD Occasional Paper Series 7, Dhaka: Centre for Policy Chaudhuri Zohir, S. and Paul-Majumder, P. (1996) Garment Workers in Bangladesh: Economic, Social and Health Condition, BIDS Research Monographs 18, Dhaka: Chowdhury, F.D. (2010) ‘Middle Class Married Women’s Income in Bangladesh: Who Controls it and How?’, African and Asian Studies 9: 1–30 Cornwall, A.; Gideon, J. and Wilson, K. (2008) ‘Introduction: Reclaiming Feminism: Gender and Neoliberalism’, IDS Bulletin 39.6 CPD (2011) ‘State of the Bangladesh Economy in FY2010‐11 (First Reading)’, draft paper, Dhaka: Centre for Policy Dialogue —— (2010) State of the Bangladesh Economy in FY 2009–10: From Stability to Accelerated Growth, CPD Occasional Paper Series 86, Dhaka: Centre for Policy Dialogue —— (2007) ‘Gender Dimension of Employment in the RMG Sector: Recent Evidence from the Field Survey’, CPD Dialogue Report 89, Dhaka: Centre for Policy Dialogue Dannecker, P. (1999) Conformity or Resistance? Women Workers in the Garment Factories in Bangladesh, Universität Bielefeld Sociology of Development Research Centre Bangladesh’, Signs 26.4: 1097–127 —— (2009) ‘Historicizing Garment Manufacturing in Bangladesh: Gender, Generation, and Routledge Government of Bangladesh (2009a) Steps Towards Change: National Strategy for —— (2009b) The Millennium Development Goals Bangladesh Progress Report 2009, Dhaka: General Economics Division, Planning Commission, People’s Republic of Bangladesh —— (2000) National Education Policy, Dhaka: Ministry of Education Haider, M.Z —— (2005) Elite Perceptions of Poverty in Bangladesh, Dhaka: University Press Limited Hossain, N —— (2008) ‘Crime, Violence, and Insecurity’, chapter four in The State of Governance in

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