Leptospira And Brobosis Case Study

Summary and conclusion
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6.1: The chapter 1 deals with the introduction of zoonotic diseases caused by Leptospira and Brucella and their global incidence. Leptospira is ubiquitous in nature affecting both man and animals, while Brucellosis is a neglected, reemerging, zoonotic, endemic and communicable disease. Epidemiologically, the risk groups will vary according to the climatic conditions thereby can cause epidemics as well as endemics. They are transmitted to the humans when they come in contact with the urine of the infected animals or a urine-polluted environment. Being an occupational disease, it is commonly seen among the veterinarians, abattoir workers, farmers, butchers, hunters, rodent control workers, and other various
The mode of transmission of leptospirosis is either directly or indirectly from animals to humans. They have typical corkscrew-shaped structure with presence of hooked ends which helps to easily differentiate them from other forms of spirochaetes. Leptospirosis is one of the top ten infectious hazards reported globally in the Event Management System. This disease has been found more commonly associated with natural disasters especially during the monsoon period at times acute epidemics may eventuate. The people who are at high risk are those in close contact with animals, such as vets, daily workers , shepherds, butchers and staff involved in the diagnostic work. Pathogenesis of leptospirosis is of two types - incteric and anicteric phase with occasional involvement of lung or cardiovascular system, hypotension shock and arrythemias. Direct detection of leptospirosis can be done by microscopy, culture and PCR, while indirect is by MAT, ELISA and RDTs. Leptspirosis can be controlled at the source of infection, at he mode of translission or in the human host after the
It is known to be a major debilitating illness and is also more prevalent in western parts of Asia, India, Middle Eastern, Southern European, and Latin American countries. Sheep and goats and their products are the main sources of infection by B. melitensis in humans, with cattle also rising to be one of the potential sources. Bovine brucellosis is widespread in India and appears to be on the increase in recent times, perhaps due to increased trade and rapid movement of livestock. The genus of Brucella which are involved in causation of human disease are B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. canis and B. suis. Brucellae are present in various animal excretions (urine, faeces, and vaginal secretions) and the products of parturition which contaminate the soil. They are also seen in blood and milk and milk products. There are certain occupations which are associated with a high risk of infection with brucellosis such as people who work with farm animals, especially cattle, sheep, goats and pigs: farmers, farm labourers, animal attendants, stockmen, shepherds, sheep shearers, goatherds, pig keepers, veterinarians and inseminators are at risk through direct contact with infected animals or through exposure to a heavily