19th century

19th century: period of growing consciousness, restlessness which promulgated the formation of two major movements
 Propaganda Movement (failed)
 Revolutionary Movement (replaces the PM)

Leaders:
 Jose Rizal
 Marcelo H. Del Pilar
 Lopez Jaena
Members:
 Pedro Paterno
 Ponce
 Panganiban
 Antonio Luna
*They worked for the Philippines’ assimilation as a Spanish province and equal treatment of the Filipinos as for the Spaniards

*Writings in this period cannot be called literature except for the novels and poems of Rizal.
*The writings were a big part in developing sense of nationhood among the Filipinos
*Propaganda literature was centered on the writings of Rizal
*He and Paterno changed the concept of “Filipino” to Spanish mestizos, Chinese mestizos, and Hispanized Indios

Sampaguitas
- Poems by Paterno in the 1880a
- Beginning of national consciousness
- Ninay – first novel (enlisted in nationality)

Diariong Tagalog
- Bulk of Filipino writings
- Spanish-Tagalog newspaper which publication signaled the open campaign for reforms

Essays
- Developed during the campaign for reforms in the last quarter of the 19th century
- Provided impetus by PM

La Solidaridad
- 1889 was the official mouthpiece of the Reform Movement
- Essays in this paper became P-S literature’s significant contribution to Philippine literature
 Su Excelencia, Senor Don Vicente Barrantes (Rizal) – humor was used as a weapon on his attack
 Asimilacion de Filipinas (del Pilar) – coolly, rational and dispassionate analysis of the issue of assimilation

Other imp works:
 Noli Me Tangere – social conditions, defects, beliefs, hopes, desires of the Filipinos (novel of society)
 El Filibusterismo – exposed the evils of the govt and church for the memory of Gomburza (novel of politics)

Two phases of the Revolutionary Period:
1. Revolutions were written in Tagalog (Boni and Jacinto).
 Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa and Pahimakas were Boni’s poems and he translated Mi Ultimo Adios.
 Jacinto edited and contributed on Kalayaan and wrote Liwanang at Dilim
2. Phil-American War was marked by the appearance of serious essays mostly written by Mabini (El Verdadero Decalogo is his most imp work)

First Republic
- Filipino writers wrote in Spanish
- But tagalog was used for rebellion

End of 19th century
- Literature was religious
- Great bulk of secural literature: oral tradition and in manuscripts (poems, plays, songs)

Pre-war period
1. Period of Apprenticeship
Literature
- Writers imitated american and English writers were introduced by Thomasites
- UP Folio (1910)- embodiment of the early attempts of Filos at self expression in English (18 first folio, 13 essays, 3 short stories, two poems)
- Dean and Harriet Fansier – made students use native materials as subject
- Philippine Herald (1920) – was Filipino daily in English
- Pura Santillan-Castrence – fiction during this period was mostly made up of ghost storiesor folk tales explaining natural phenomena