Theology Notes

* Avignon Papacy caused many people to say that councils should have more power than the pope, Great Schism enhanced this * Various movements and groups * Wycliff – condemned as a heretic after his lifetime * Hus – condemned as a heretic during his lifetime * Both were seen as beginnings of Reformation * Wycliff was alive during 14th century (during Avignon), he was deeply troubled by the wealth and power of the pope, looks to the Bible for inspiration (believed it was the whole truth) said the Bible was the highest authority, encouraged the translation of the Bible into English, wrote books on Divine Lordship and Civil Lordship (taught that all power is given by God and we are stewards deemed to use this for God’s good), believed God gave authority to those in positions of power but if church leaders are bad than the state should take their property and use it for public well being, said the Pope is not the leader of the whole church, rejected transubstantiation (was unbiblical and illogical), didn’t think priests had to be celibate, rejected pilgrimages, and indulgences * John Hus lived in the Czech Republic, looked to Bible of inspiration, was less radical than Wycliff, lost confidence of the many interpretations of the Bible, rejected the authority of religious laws not found in the Bible, tried convicted and burned him at the steak, followers formed the Moravian Church * Spanish Reform: players: Queen Isabella and a Cardinal (the senior cardinal) led a massive reform; wanted to lobby the pope to find worthy bishops, reform of religious orders (some had become so relaxed that people joined them just for a place to live), the Cardinal paid for a Polyglot Bible * 1492 all Jews remaining in Spain were expelled * Tragic Side of Late Middle Ages * Persecution of Heretics and Persecution of Jews * Church laws continued to encourage discrimination against Jews * Intensification of the witch craze * Malius Malificarum—taught people how to recognize, torture, and execute witches; both men and women could be witches but because women were inferior it was easier for the devil to overtake them, and women want to have sex with the devil * Beginning of the Inquisition

* March 20th Amazing Grace film/March 27th 7:00pm in Maybee Auditorium * Doctrine of Incarnation- Jesus was God, Human, and one individual * Docetism is a group of heretics- says Christ didn’t have human body among other beliefs, was the crisis that started the council of Chalcedon (the early Christian heresy never defeated) * Augustine teaches salvation is by grace (justification by faith through grace); if salvation is a gift it can not be earned * Aquinas- salvation is a gift by grace we know this by faith; we should live a Christian life, salvation can not be earned * 4 families of the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century: Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican (Episcopal), Anabaptists (Radical Reformation) * Sola Scriptura (Scripture alone/Bible alone) * Sola Gratia (Grace alone) * Sola Fides (Faith alone) * Protestants- Role of Christ, Grace, Faith, Bible, Church, Sacraments, Relationship between church and government, Holy Spirit * Luther (1483-1546)- ideas are complex, not a systematic thinker, used dramatic language and overstatement, usually credited as the father of the Protestant Reformation, his ideas often gew out of his own life experience (crisis), and his writings are immense; was very influential * Luther believed he was damned * Gonzales what are the factors that led to the protestant reformation *

* Quiz April 12; Test April 26 * Final Monday May 6th at 10:30 * Homework: Gor: Chapt 7 and 8, McGrath 6th and 9th * John Calvin * Theme runs through all writings: Calvin was awe-struck by God’s majesty and power, he insisted that Christians have to follow God “Thy will be done on Earth as it is in Heaven” * Know about the Consistory * Calvin’s partial definition of sacrament: A testimony or token of Divine Grace toward us, confirmed by an outward sign; he believed sacraments were instituted by Christ; insisted their were only two (communion and baptism) * Taught and practiced infant baptism (Anabaptists didn’t practice infant baptism) * In Holy Communion or Eucharist, Christ is present; believed that whenever bread was eaten or wine was drank Christ was present (Christ is a spiritual presence) * Whenever one eats the bread and drinks the wine of communion, Christ is present * Had a lot of complex analysis * Didn’t agree with Luther, Zwingli, Catholics, or Anabaptists * His view is complex and difficult and has some similarities to Zwingli and Luther * Christians receive the bread and wine and are simultaneously united with Christ * He believed the presence was real but in no sense localized * Doctrine of Real Presentation/Doctrine of Simultaneity: Christians receive the bread and wine and are simultaneously united with Christ (in a spiritual union that’s not localized but is real); Whenever one eats the bread and drinks the wine of communion, Christ is present * Through Holy Communion Christ breathes life into our souls, pours his life into ours. * No transubstantiation, no consubstantiation (Luther), no (mere) signification [doesn’t believe sacrament is merely a sign], no (mere) memorial * Agreed on the Zurich * Catholics- Receiving the body and blood of Christ (transubstantiation) * Lutheran- no change in substance but Christ’s presence is tied * Zwingli- communion is a symbol of Christ’s presence * Anabaptists-Memorial of Christ * Calvin- Christ is present but you are receiving the bread and wine * Calvin’s view of government (must be able to recognize quote and say it’s Calvin’s) “civil government has its appointment end, to cherish and protect the outward worship of God, to defend sound doctrine of piety and the position of the church, to adjust our life to the society of men, to form our social behavior to civil righteousness, to reconcile us with one another, and to promote general peace and tranquility” * Promote worship, defend doctrine, protect and promote the church * Saw a close relationship between Church and State, defines the goals of civil government to include religious goals * He was optimistic that government could * Yet Calvin did recognize differences between the roles of Church and State. But the roles overlapped because the government was supposed to promote “true Christianity” * A magisterial reformation- a reformation in which the government works along with the church. Luther’s reformation was a magisterial reformation (Calvin’s was an extreme magisterial reformation) * Holy Commonwealth: wanted Geneva to be a unity of Church, State, Culture, and Lifestyle; every aspect of culture must be brought under Christ’s lordship—everything must be governed by the Christian message, Society is to be a religio-socio-political unity. A society founded upon and upholding Christian Values (like Christendom); a city for the glory of God * Geneva under Calvin was the “most perfect School of Christ” according to John Knox * He taught Predestination and wrote a great deal on it * God decides the eternal destinations of each person--- heaven or hell. So God chooses some for heaven and some for hell. Background: the idea that God know and wills what will happen in the future. * Families of the 16th Century Protestant Reformation: Reformed, Anabaptists, Lutherans, Anglicans * April 5th * Henry wanted to be independent of the Catholic church * Edward VI rules through regents * First official Anglican prayer book is produced Book of Common Prayer first published in 1549 * Elizabeth I decided to unite her church around common worship and allowed for latitude in theology; focus was on a common liturgy; didn’t commission a good translation of the bible * Sola Scriptura- has the only authoritative source and norm of Christian faith and practice * Believed in justification by grace through faith * Anglican Church teaches salvation is by grace this is known by faith; we are to live a good Christian life * Emphasizes the Eucharist; Communion is important; yet without specifying how Christ is present * The bread is a partaking in the body of Christ, the blood is a partaking in the body of Christ * Thought Bishops were an Apostolic succession * Entrepreneuer *