Candide
by Voltaire
Table of Contents
Discussion Questions
1. In Chapter One of the novel, Pangloss states, “It is demonstrable that things cannot
be otherwise than they are: for all things having been made for some end, they must
necessarily be for the best end. Observe well, that the nose has been made for carrying
spectacles; therefore we have spectacles.” Discuss this statement. How does it relate
to Pangloss’s overall philosophy of life? What logical flaws do you see in his argument?
How does Pangloss’s thinking contribute to Voltaire’s satire of philosophical optimism?
2. Discuss the female characters in Candide. Consider the stories of Cunegonde, the
old woman, and Paquette. What common themes run throughout each of the women’s
tales of suffering? What does Voltaire’s satire suggest about the plight of women in 18th
century Europe?
3. Discuss the conclusion of the novel. How has Candide changed over the course
of his adventures? What new concepts has he come to value? Consider the final
conversation between Candide and Pangloss. What does it suggest about the nature of
happiness?
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